Compilation and interpretation of primary

and secondary sources of information.

The integration of different sources will
consolidate the write up of the report.

DATA COLLECTION
primary Secoud
ry
SOURCES OF INFORMATION
Primary Source
Data is collected by
researcher himself

Data is gathered
through questionnaire,
interviews,
observations etc.
Secondary Source
Data collected,
compiled or
written by other
researchers eg. books,
journals, newspapers
Any reference must
be acknowledged
STEPS TO COLLECT DATA
DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION












REVIEW & COMPILE SECONDARY SOURCE INFORMATION
(Referred to in the BACKGROUND/ INTRODUCTION section of report)

PLAN & DESIGN DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENTS
TO GATHER PRIMARY INFORMATION
(Referred to in the FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS &
RECOMMENDATIONS sections of report)

DATA COLLECTION
METHODS USED
TO COLLECT
PRIMARY SOURCE DATA
1. Interviews
2. Questionnaires
3. Observation
4. Schedule
5. Other method(warranty cards,distributor audits,pantry audits,
Consumer audits)

However, for a small-scale study, the most commonly used
methods are interviews, survey questionnaires and observations.



Effective way
of gathering
information

INTERVIEW
Involves verbal
and non-verbal
communications
Can be conducted
face to face, by telephone,
online or through mail

Steps To An Effective Interview
Prepare your interview schedule
Select your subjects/ key informants

Conduct the interview

Analyze and interpret data collected from the interview



The most common
data collection instrument

Survey
Questionnaire
Useful to collect
quantitative and qualitative
information
Should contain 3 elements:
1. Introduction to explain the objectives
2. Instructions must be clear, simple language & short
3. User-friendly avoid difficult or ambiguous questions
2 Basic Types of survey
questions:
1. Open-ended Questions
Free-response
(Text Open End)
Fill-in relevant
information

2. Close-ended Questions
Dichotomous question
Multiple-choice
Rank
Scale
Categorical
Numerical
Note: For specific examples and students activities on each question style,
please refer to the notes on Data Collection in the e-learning.
Steps To An Effective Survey Questionnaire
Prepare your survey questions
(Formulate & choose types of questions, order them, write instructions, make copies)
Select your respondents/sampling
Random/Selected
Administer the survey questionnaire
(date, venue, time )
Analyze and interpret data collected
Tabulate data collected
(Statistical analysis-frequency/mean/correlation/% )
A sample of complete survey questionnaire
http://www.custominsight.com/demo/form_widgets.rtf



Observe verbal &
non-verbal communication,
surrounding atmosphere,
culture & situation
Observations
Need to keep
meticulous records of
the observations


Can be done through discussions,
observations of habits, rituals,
review of documentation,
experiments


Steps To An Effective Observation
Determine what needs to be observed
(Plan, prepare checklist, how to record data)
Select your participants
Random/Selected
Conduct the observation
(venue, duration, recording materials, take photographs )
Analyze and interpret data collected
Compile data collected
DIFFERENCE B/W
QUESTIONNAIRES AND SCHEDULES
SCHEDULE QUESTIONNAIRES
.It is generally filled up by
the research worker or the
enumerator

.There are enumerators who
can interpret questions when
necessary

.To collect data through is
relatively more expensive
since consider amt of money
has to be spent in appointing
enumerator and in preparing
schedules
.The questionnaires is
generally sent through mail


.In questionnair the question
are answered without any
assistance from the center

. Collecting data through
questionnair is relatively
cheap and economical
.Non response is generally
low in case of schedule



.There remains the danger of
biasness


.In case of schedule the
identity of respondent is
known

.Risk of collecting incomplete
and wrong inf is less
. Non response is usually
high in case of questionnair
as many people do not return
the questionnair

.Danger of interviewer
biasness and cheating is less
in questional.

.In case of quesna.. It is not
always clear who replies


.Risk of collecting incomplete
and wrong inf is more
Other methods
1. Warranty cards:
Warranty cards are usually postal sized cards which are used by
dealers of consumer durables to collect information regarding
their products. The information sought is printed in the form of
questions on the warranty cards which is placed inside the
package along with the product with a request to the consumer
to fill in the card and post it back to the dealer.

2.Projective techniques
Projection techniques for collection of data have been developed
by psychologists to use projection to use protection of
respondents for inferring abt underline motives ,urge or
intentions which are such that the respondent either resists or to
reveal them or is unable to figure out himself
DATA ANALYSIS
3. In a small scale study, the most common forms of statistical
analysis presented are:
Frequency
Mean
Percentage
1. To analyse data from interviews and observation, use
Summary sheet
Checklist
2. To analyse data from questionnaires, use
Manually
SPSS
DATA INTERPRETATION
1. It involves 2 terms
Results presentation of data/findings (statistics)
Discussion interpretation of data/findings

2. Things to consider when interpreting your data:
Interpret findings based on the purpose and
objectives of your study
Relate the findings to real life context
Use persuasive language to convince your readers
to see the research from your point of view.
Order your interpretation to highlight the most important
findings
Include limitations to your research.
Use simple, clear language