Generation Transmission

Distribution
Utilisation


By
M.Ramanathan
DyCEE/LW/PER
Generation
Generation
1. Conventional Power Stns:
Hydro, Thermal, Nuclear & Gas Turbine
2. Non Conventional sources

1.1.1 Hydro Power Station
Surge tank to protect the penstock for bursting in
case turbine gate closes suddenly.
Valve house Main sluice valve controls the water
flow
1.1.1 Hydro Power Station
Auto isolating valve cuts off when penstock bursts
Power House Turbines Impulse (for high head)
- Reaction (for low/med
head)
Points to be considered for Hydro Stn:
Availability of water
Storage of water
Cost & type of land
Transportation facilities

1.1.2 Thermal Power Station

Boiler
Super Heater
Economiser
Condenser
Cooling Tower
Air Pre Heater
Turbine + Alt
Switch gear

Fuel Uranium (U
235
), Thorium (Th
232
)
1 kg of U235 fission = 4500t of coal
Modulator slows down the neutrons before they
bombard
Control rod regulates supply of neutrons for fission
Heat Exchanger steam produced by hot metal and
water
1.1.4 Gas Turbine
1.1.3 Nuclear Power Stn
Comparison of TPS, HPS, NPS
Item Hydro Thermal Nuclear
Initial cost High Low Highest
Running
cost
Low High Least
Limit of
source/fuel
Rain,
permanent
Coal,
exhaustible
N235, Th232
Inexhaustibl
e
Site Hill areas Near to sea,
river &
mines
Near to
Load centre
25% 85% > 85%
Cleanliness Most Less Medium
Non-conventional
sources

Solar (Energy stored in solar cells)
Wind (P = 13.14 x 10
-6
x AXV
3
kW)
Geothermal - Italy, New Zealand (40%)
-1% for every 30/40m depth in earth
MHD (Magneto Hydro Dynamic)
Direct conversion of heat energy to electrical
energy
Gas (2500
o
C) passed through MHD duct, across
which strong mag. Field has been applied EMF
inducted
Tidal used in London in the past

Economics of Power
Station
Different Factors
Load factor
Demand factor
Diversity factor
Plant Capacity factor
Plant Use factor

Load Duration curve
Base load Plant, Peak load Plants
Inter connected Grid system
Inter connected Grid system
Exchange of peak loads
Incr. Div factor
Incr. Reliability
Reduced Plant reserve capacity
Ensures economical operation

Transmission &
Distribution
DC Transmission
2 conductors
No X
L
, X
C
, phase displacement
No skin effect
Less corona
Less voltage drop in Tr. Line
No stability & synchronizing
But - convn. Stn. are required at both ends
- Limitations in stepping up & down

DC 2 wire/2 wire with mid pt earthed
AC Transmission
Adv. of high voltage transmission
Less current less condr. Size & cost
(Condr = k* 1/V
2
)
High Tr.
Less volt drop in line
But high insulation of condr &
increased cost of S/w gear
1 , 2 wire (+ width mid pt earthed)
2 , 3 wire/4 wire
3 , 3 wire/4 wire
Various systems of AC
transmission
Short Transmission Lines
Medium Transmission Lines
- End Condensor, Nominal T method&
Nominalmethod
Long Transmission Lines
Condr
TFP
Line Insulator
Supports
Protection Devices
Voltage regulating Devices (maintains volt
within limit @ R.end)
Kelvins Law
Elements of Tr Line
Distribution:
1. AC 1
2. 3 , 3 wire (3 phase load only)
3. 3 , 4 wire (all types of load)

Radial system
Ring main system

Over-Head Distribution
Under ground cable (populated area, plant, SS)
- LT, HT, ST, EHT, Extra Super Volt cables
Utilisation
Tariff
Load sharing betn base & Peak load
Pf Effect & its improvement

1. Industrial utilisation
- selection of drive depends on nature
of load
- St & running characteristic
2. Electric Heating
- Resistance, Radiant, Induction,Infrared
Utilisation of Elec Energy
3. Induction, Arc furnaces
4. Welding
- Resistance,Elec Arc, US, Electron beam
5. Illumination
- difft types of lamps/factory,street lighting
6. Electrolytic process
- Electrolysis, Electro deposition, etc
7. Refrigeration & A/C
8. Traction
Utilisation of Elec Energy
Thank You