Anda di halaman 1dari 23

ELECTROMECHANICAL

ENERGY
Electric Motors and Generators
Electromechanical Devices converts electrical energy into mechanical energy
or vice versa via the process of electromechanical energy conversion.

Electromechanical Energy Conversion
Reversible (energy transfer between electrical and mechanical systems)
Electric or Magnetic Fields are used as medium





Energy can neither be created nor destroyed: it can only be transformed from
one state to another.

1821 Michael Faraday demonstration of electromagnetic rotation.
1822 Peter Barlow Barlow's wheel spinning wheel using
electromagnetism.
1825-1826 William Sturgeon invents the electromagnet.
Brief History of Electric Motors and Generators
1831-1832 Michael Faraday Faradays Disk - potential difference is
generated between the ends of an electrical conductor that moves
perpendicular to a magnetic field.
1832 Andr-Marie Ampre and Hippolyte Pixii used a permanent magnet to
create the first dynamo based on Faradays principles.
1832 William Ritchie electromagnetic generator with four rotor coils, a
commutator and brushes.
1833 Heinrich Friedrich Emil Lenz found the "law of reciprocity of the
magneto-electric and electromagnetic phenomena", i.e. the reversibility of
electric generator and motor.
1834 Moritz Hermann Jacobi first real electric motors using electromagnets.
1835 Thomas Davenport and Orange Smalley experimented with solenoids
to create their first rotary machine.
1835 Sibrandus Stratingh and Christopher Becker built a small electrically
driven three-wheeled vehicle of about 3 kg in weight.
1866 Werner von Siemens perfects the dynamo eliminating the use of
permanent magnets. Henry Wilde first commercially successful generator.
1867 Znobe-Thophile Gramme better generator with higher voltages than
previous attempts.
1872 Werner von Siemens reemerged and invented the modern type of
dynamo, drum armature type of machine.
Operation Principles
Whenever the number of magnetic flux linking with a coil changes, an e.m.f.
gets induced in that coil.
The magnitude of the induced e.m.f. is directly proportional to the rate of
change of flux linkages i.e., flux X # of turns.
The induced e.m.f. sets up a current in such a direction so as to oppose the
cause producing it. (Statically induced e.m.f.)
If there is relative motion due to physical movement of conductor or
magnetic field between a conductor and the flux, e.m.f. gets induced in the
conductor. (Dynamically induced e.m.f.)
Laws of Electromagnetism
If the conductor is moving with a velocity v (m/s) at an angle measured
with plane of the flux then the induced e.m.f. in the conductor is given by:
e = B/vsin()
If a current carrying conductor is placed in the lines of the magnetic field
then it experiences a force.
The magnitude of the forced experienced by such a current carrying
conductor is given by F = ILB.
Laws of Electromagnetism
Energy Flow
Energy Flow
Types of Electromechanical Energy Conversion Devices
Generally used for measurement and control
Linear input-output conditions
Handle relatively small signals
Vibrating motion

Transducers
Mechanical force or torque based
Mostly for linear motion drives
Handle larger energy signals compared to transducers
Force-Producing Devices
Rotational motion
Can handle very large signals compared to the previous ones
Generators and Motors
Continuous Energy-Conversion Devices
Other Applications
Advantages and Disadvantages
Leakage fluxes
Hysteresis losses
Eddy-current losses
Friction (brushes, air, bearings, etc.)
Winding losses
Accuracy in design
Fire Hazards
Advantages
Disadvantages
Can utilize maximum torque from the start
Can yield up to 90% efficiency
Wide applications
Environment-friendly
Extensive operating life
Low maintenance requirements
Price varies on function
Electrical energy is rarely available naturally

References
A.E. Fitzgerald. Electric Machinery 6
th
Edition
M.V. Bakshi, U.A. Bakshi. Electromechanical Energy Conversion I
http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Generators
http://www.eti.kit.edu/english/1376.php
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/magnetic/motdct.html
http://www.ece.lsu.edu/mendrela/EE3410ElMechEnergyConv.pdf
http://www.vutbr.cz/www_base/priloha.php?dpid=73175

Anda mungkin juga menyukai