Ekt120 Week05 Functions1

UniMAP SemII-09/10 EKT120: Computer Programming 1
Week 5 Functions (1)

Outline
Why use functions?
Functions in C
Pre-defined functions
User-defined functions
Function prototypes
Function definitions
Function calls
What about number, order and type of parameter?
Functions that do not return a value
Functions that return a value
Miscellaneous about functions
Sample application
Scope and mechanics of passing values to functions

Why use functions?
Let say you want to print one row of number 8 and one row of number 9

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{ int i, j;

//print one row of number 8
for(i=1; i<=10; i++)
printf(8");
printf("\n"); //go to new line

//print one row of number 9
for(j=1; j<=10; j++)
printf(9);

return 0;
}

Why use functions?
It seems that you are doing the same
thing twice!!(i.e. printing two rows of
numbers)
This is wasting time and not flexible!!
So, need to use function

Why use functions?
#include <stdio.h>
void display(int); //function prototype
int main()
{
display(8); //function call
display(9); //function call
return 0;
}

void display(int value) //function definition
{ int i;
for(i=1; i<=10; i++)
printf("%d", value);
}

Functions in C
Functions can be created to execute small,
frequently-used tasks
In C, there are predefined functions or sometimes
called standard functions, and there are user-
defined functions.
Predefined functions are already available
functions that can be used, called library
The usage is like stdio.h, in which the library
name must be #included at the top of the source
code (preprocessor directive)
Predefined Functions (Library)
Common libraries are stdio.h, math.h,
string.h, and stdlib.h
stdio.h related functions: printf, scanf,etc
math.h related functions: sin, cos, exp, pow,
sqrt, etc.
string.h related functions: strcmp, strcpy,
strlen, etc.
stdlib.h related functions: abs, fabs
Predefined Functions
(Library)-example
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <string.h>
void main()
{
string name;
int vol1, vol2, n, R, kTemp, length;

strcpy(name, Marina);
vol2 = vol1 * exp(n * R * kTemp);
length = strlen(Mahathir);
}
User-Defined Functions
What do we need to define and make
use of user-defined functions?
Function prototypes
Function definitions
Function calls
Function Prototypes
Function prototype is a declaration; indicates
the function exists
Should have function name, return type and
parameter
Argument name is not compulsory in function
header
Function prototype has the following form:
<return_type> <function_name> (arg_type arg_name, ...);
int sum (int num1,int num2);
int sum (int,int); //is also acceptable
semicolon
Function Definitions
Function definition includes the body of a function
Function definition has the following form:
<return_type> <function_name> (arg_type arg_name, ...)
{
statements
}
int sum (int num1,int num2)
{
int add;
add = num1 + num2;
return(add);
}

Notice that argument name is used in the function body
Unlike function prototype, argument name in function definition
must be included in function header
no semicolon
function header
Function Calls
Consists of a function name followed by an argument
expression list enclosed in parentheses
Function call has the following form:
<function_name> (exp, exp ...)
exp is an expression can be variable or constant
result = sum(x,y);

EKT120: Computer Programming 13
Example of function in
program
//This program sums up two numbers
#include <stdio.h>
int sum(int, int); //function prototype
int main()
{ int x,y, result;
printf( Enter x and y : );
scanf(%d %d, &x, &y);
result = sum(x,y); //function call
printf(Sum is : %d, result);
return 0;
}
int sum(int num1, int num2)//function definition
{ int add;
add = num1+num2;
return(add);}
}
function header
What about number, order
and type of parameter?
Number, order and type of parameters in the
argument list of a function call and function
definition MUST match.
If function prototype and definition have three
parameters then the function call must have
three parameters.
If the types are int, float and double in the
prototype, the types in the function call should
be int, float and double, respectively.
and type of parameter?(e.g1)
Note that there are two arguments for function prototype,
function definition and function call; the first is int and the
second is double. With these three we have met the
number, order and type requirements.

and type of parameter?(e.g2)
int sum(int, int); //function prototype

int sum(int num1, int num2) //function definition

sum(x,y); //function call

Refer to program in slide 13
Number, order and type parameter are met because:
there are two parameters, the parameters are listed in
order i.e respectively and first parameter is int and
second parameter is int.
Functions that do not return a
value
#include <stdio.h>

void sum_print(int, int); //function prototype
void function1(); //function prototype

int main()
{ int x,y;
function1(); //function call
printf(Enter x and y: );
sum_print(x,y); //function call
return 0;
}
void sum_print(int num1, int num2) //function definition
{ int add;
add = num1+num2;
printf(Sum is: %d,add);
}
void function1()
{ printf(Welcome to this program\n); }
Functions that return a value
#include <stdio.h>
int sum(int,int); //function prototype

int main()
{ int x,y,result;
printf(Enter x and y: );
result = sum(x,y); //function call
printf(Sum is : %d,result);
return 0;
}

int sum(int num1, int num2) //function definition
{ int add;
add = num1+num2;
return(add);
}

Function call used as logical expression
int calc(int,int); //function prototype
int main(void)
{ int num1, num2;
scanf(%d %d,&num1,&num2);
if(calc(num1,num2)>100) //function call used as logical expression
printf(result greater than 100);
else
printf(result less than 100);
return 0;
}

int calc(int n1,int n2)
{ int answer;
answer=n1+n2;
return(answer);
}

Function call used in printf statement
int calc(int,int); //function prototype
int main(void)
{ int num1,num2;
printf(Jawapan : %d,calc(num1, num2)); //function call returns a
//value and puts in printf
return 0;
}

int calc(int n1,int n2)
{ int answer;
answer=n1+n2;
return(answer);
}

Rules regarding naming convention for variables
num1 passes value to n1, num2 passes value to n2
Better use different variable names for parameters in main AND
parameters in function definition

int calc(int,int); //prototype function
int main(void)
{ int num1,num2,result; //declare like this
result = calc(num1,num2); //function call
printf(jawapan : %d,result);
return 0;
}

//function definition
int calc(int n1,int n2) //simply declare like this
{ int answer;
answer=n1+n2;
return(answer);
}

Sample application
Write a C program that calculates and prints
addition and subtraction of numbers.
Your program should have functions:
add : adds two numbers
subtract : subtracts two numbers
print_result : prints results from calculation

Sample application(cont)
#include <stdio.h>
int add(int,int);
int subtract(int,int);
void print_result(int);

int main()
{ int num1,num2,answer;
char op;
printf(Enter two numbers and operator:);
scanf(%d %d %c, &num1,&num2,&op);
switch(op)
{ case + :answer=add(num1,num2);break;
case - :answer=subtract(num1,num2);break;
default: printf(Invalid operator);
exit(0);
}

print_result(answer);
return 0;
}

int add(int x,int y)
{
int sum;
sum = x+y;
return(sum);
}

int subtract(int x,int y)
{
int sub;
sub=x-y;
return(sub);
}

void print_result(int ans)
{
printf(Answer is %d, ans);
}


1. Function prototype
(3 parameters)

2. Function call

3. Function definition

Program Output
1/* Fig. 5.4: fig05_04.c

2 Finding the maximum of three integers */

3#include <stdio.h>

4

5int maximum(int, int, int); /* function prototype */

6

7int main()

8{

9 int a, b, c;

10

11 printf( "Enter three integers: " );

12 scanf( "%d %d %d", &a, &b, &c );

13 printf( "Maximum is: %d\n", maximum( a, b, c ) );

14

15 return 0;

16 }

17

18 /* Function maximum definition */

19 int maximum(int x, int y, int z)

20 {

21 int max = x;

22

23 if ( y > max )

24 max = y;

25

26 if ( z > max )

27 max = z;

28

29 return max;

30 }

Enter three integers: 22 85 17
Maximum is: 85
Scope and Mechanics of
Passing Values to Functions
Scope refers to the region in which a declaration is active
File scope is also called global variable
declared at the top of a source file
declarations not placed in any functions
can be used by any statements that are being executed
in the system
Function scope is also called local variable
declared in a block { }
scope is within its block lifetime while the block is
executed
Global Variable : Example
#include <stdio.h>

int global = 3; //This is the global variable
void ChangeGlobal( );

int main(void)
{ printf("%d\n, global); //Reference to global
//variable in a function
ChangeGlobal();
printf("%d\n", global);
return 0;
}

void ChangeGlobal( )
{ global = 5; } //Reference to global

Global Variable : Example
The output will be:
3
5
Local Variable : Example
#include <stdio.h>

void ChangeLocal();

int main(void)
{ int local = 3; //This is a local variable

printf("%d\n", local); //Reference to local
ChangeLocal();
printf("%d\n", local);
return 0;
}

void ChangeLocal()
{ int local = 5; //This is another local variable
printf("%d\n", local); }

Local Variable : Example
The output will be:
3
5
3

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UniMAP SemII-09/10 EKT120: Computer Programming 1

Week 5 Functions (1)

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