2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Cisco Public
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Chapter 1 1
Communicating over the
Network
Network Fundamentals Chapter 2
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Objectives
Describe the structure of a network, including the
devices and media that are necessary for successful
communications.
Explain the function of protocols in network
communications.
Explain the advantages of using a layered model to
describe network functionality.
Describe the role of each layer in two recognized
network models: The TCP/IP model and the OSI
model.
Describe the importance of addressing and naming
schemes in network communications.
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Network Structure
The elements of communication
3 common elements of communication
message source
the channel
message destination






Network: data or information networks capable of carrying many
different types of communications; including traditional computer
data, interactive voice, video, and entertainment products
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Network Structure
Data is sent across a network in small chunks called
segments

The process used to interleave
the pieces of separate
conversations together on the
network is called multiplexing.
The data is divided into smaller,
more manageable pieces to send
over the network -> segmentation
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Network Structure
Labeling
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Network Structure
The components of a network
Network components
hardware: devices, media
software: services

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Network Structure
End devices: the interface between the human network
and the communication network (Computers, PDA,
VoIP phones,...)
Role of end devices:
client: Software installed on the host determines which role it plays
on the network
server: Software installed that enables them to provide information
and services, to other hosts on the network
both: client and server
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Network Structure
Intermediary devices to provide connectivity and to work
behind the scenes to ensure that data flows across the
network:
Network Access Devices (Hubs, switches, and wireless access points)
Internetworking Devices (routers)
Communication Servers and Modems
Security Devices (firewalls)

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Network Structure
Role of an intermediary device: provides connectivity
and ensures data flows across network
Regenerate and retransmit data signals
Maintain information about what pathways exist through the
network and internetwork
Notify other devices of errors and communication failures
Direct data along alternate pathways when there is a link
failure
Classify and direct messages according to QoS priorities
Permit or deny the flow of data, based on security settings
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Network Structure
Network media: the channel over which a message travels
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Network Structure
Criteria for choosing a network media are:
The distance the media can successfully carry a signal.
The environment in which the media is to be installed.
The amount of data and the speed at which it must be
transmitted.
The cost of the media and installation


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Network Types
Networks infrastructures can vary greatly in terms of:
The size of the area covered
The number of users connected
The number and types of services available
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Network Types
Define Local Area Networks (LANs)
- A network serving a home, building or campus is considered a
Local Area Network (LAN)
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Network Types
Define Wide Area Networks (WANs)
- LANs separated by geographic distance are connected by a
network known as a Wide Area Network (WAN)


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Network Types
The internet: a global mesh of interconnected networks
The most well-known and widely used publicly-accessible
internetwork is the Internet.
The intranet a private connection of LANs and WANs is
designed to be accessible only by the organization's
members, employees, or others with authorization.
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Network Types
Network representations
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Function of Protocol in Network Communication
A protocol is a set of predetermined rules

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Function of Protocol in Network Communication
Network protocols:
Network protocols are used
to allow devices to
communicate
successfully

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Function of Protocol in Network
Communication
Protocol suites and industry standards










A standard: a process or protocol that has been endorsed by the
networking industry and ratified by a standards organization;
such as the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
(IEEE) or the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).
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Function of Protocol in Network Communication
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Function of Protocol in Network
Communication
Technology independent Protocols
-Many diverse types of devices can communicate using the
same sets of protocols ->protocols specify network functionality,
not the underlying technology to support this functionality.
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Layers with TCP/IP and OSI Model
The benefits of using a layered model
Benefits include
assists in protocol design
fosters competition
changes in one layer do not affect other layers
provides a common language



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Layers with TCP/IP and OSI Model
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Layers with TCP/IP and OSI Model
TCP/IP Model


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Layers with TCP/IP and OSI Model
The Communication Process

Encapsulation
Decapsulation
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Layers with TCP/IP and OSI Model
Protocol data units (PDU) and encapsulation

Protocol Data Unit
(PDU)
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Layers with TCP/IP and OSI Model
The process of sending and receiving messages


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Layers with TCP/IP and OSI Model
Protocol and reference
models
A protocol model
provides a model that
closely matches the
structure of a particular
protocol suite.

A reference model
provides a common
reference for
maintaining
consistency within all
types of network
protocols and services.
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Layers with TCP/IP and OSI Model
OSI

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Layers with TCP/IP and OSI Model
Compare OSI and TCP/IP model

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Addressing and Naming Schemes
Labels in encapsulation headers are used to manage
communication in data networks


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Addressing and Naming Schemes
Ethernet MAC Addresses, IP Addresses, and TCP/UDP
Port numbers

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Addressing and Naming Schemes
Labels in encapsulation headers are used to manage
communication in data networks

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Addressing and Naming Schemes
Information in the encapsulation header is used to
identify the source and destination processes for data
communication

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Summary
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