Thyristor Commutation Techniques 100403040622 Phpapp02

Power Electronics by Prof. M.
Madhusudhan Rao
1
1
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
Thyristor Commutation
Techniques
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao
2
2
Introduction
Commutation
Process of turning off a conducting thyristor.
Current Commutation
Voltage Commutation
3
3
Methods of Commutation
Natural Commutation

Forced Commutation
4
4
Natural Commutation
Occurs in AC circuits
~
T
+
v
o
v
s
R
| |
5
5
et
et
et
et
Supply voltage v
s
Sinusoidal
Voltage across SCR
Load voltage v
o
Turn off
occurs here
0
0
t
t
2t
2t
3t
3t
o
t
c
Gate Pulse
t+o
o
t+o
6
6
Natural Commutation of Thyristors takes place
in
AC voltage controllers.
Phase controlled rectifiers.
Cyclo converters.
7
7
Forced Commutation
Applied to dc circuits
Commutation achieved by reverse biasing the
SCR or by reducing the SCR current below
holding current value.
Commutating elements such as inductance and
capacitance are used for commutation purpose.
8
8
Methods of Forced
Commutation
Self commutation.
Resonant pulse commutation.
Complementary commutation.
Impulse commutation.
External pulse commutation.
Load Commutation.
Line Commutation.
9
9
Forced Commutation
is applied to
Choppers.

Inverters.
10
10
Self Commutation
Or
Load Commutation
Or
Class A Commutation
(Commutation By Resonating
The Load)
11
11
Circuit is under damped by including suitable
values of L & C in series with load.
Oscillating current flows.
SCR is turned off when current is zero.
12
12
V
R
L
V (0)
c
C
T
i
Load
+ -
13
13
Expression for Current

Fig. shows a transformed network
V
S
R
SL
1
CS
V
C
(0)
S
C
T
I(S)
+ + - -
14
14
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2
1
0
1
0
1
0
C
C
C
CS V V
S
I S
RC
V V
S
I S
R SL
CS
C
S S LC
V V
R
LC S S
L LC
(

=
+ +

=
+
(

=
(
+ +
+
(

15
15
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2 2
2
0
1
0
1
2 2
C
C
V V
L
I S
R
S S
L LC
V V
L
I S
R R R
S S
L LC L L
=
+ +
=
| | | |
+ + +
| |
\ . \ .
16
16
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2
2 2
2
0
1
2 2
Where,
0
1
, ,
2 2
C
C
V V
A
L
I S
S
R R
S
L LC L
V V
R R
A
L L LC L
o e
o e
= =
+ +
(
| | | |
(
+ +
| |
\ . \ . (

| |
= = =
|
\ .
17
17
( )
( )
( )
2
2
is called the natural frequency
Taking inverse Laplace transforms
sin
t
A
I S
S
A
i t e t
o
e
e
e
o e
e
e

=
+ +
=
18
18
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
Expression for current
0
sin
Peak value of current
0
R
t
C
L
C
V V
i t e t
L
V V
L
e
e
e
=
19
19
Expression For Voltage Across
Capacitor At The Time Of Turn Off
V
R
L
V (0)
c
C
T
i
Load
+ -
20
20
( )
( )
( )
Applying KVL to figure
Substituting for i,
sin sin
c R L
c
t t
c
v t V v V
di
v t V iR L
dt
A d A
v t V R e t L e t
dt
o o
e e
e e

=
=
| |
=
|
\ .
21
21
( )
( )
( ) | |
( )
( )
sin cos sin
sin cos sin
sin cos sin
2
sin cos
2
t t t
c
t
c
t
c
t
c
A A
v t V R e t L e t e t
A
v t V e R t L t L t
A R
v t V e R t L t L t
L
A R
v t V e t L t
o o o
o
o
o
e e e o e
e e
e e e o e
e
e e e e
e
e e e
e

=
= +
(
= +
(

(
= +
(

22
22
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
Substituting for A,
0
sin cos
2
0
sin cos
2
SCR turns off when current goes to zero.
i.e., at
C
t
c
C
t
c
V V
R
v t V e t L t
L
V V
R
v t V e t t
L
t
o
o
e e e
e
e e e
e
e t
(
= +
(

(
= +
(

=
23
23
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
Therefore at turn off
0
0 cos
0
0
C
c
c C
R
L
c C
V V
v t V e
v t V V V e
v t V V V e
o t
e
o t
e
t
e
e t
e

= +
(
= +

(
= +

24
24
( )
( )
2
For effective commutation
the circuit should be under damped.
1
That is
2
With R = 0, and the capacitor initially uncharged
that is 0 0
sin
Note:
C
R
L LC
V
V t
i t
L
LC
e
| |
<
|
\ .
=
=
25
25
( )
1
But
sin sin
and capacitor voltage at turn off is equal to 2V
Fig. shows the waveforms for the above conditions.
Once the SCR turns off voltage across it is
negative voltage.
LC
V t C t
i t LC V
L L
LC LC
e =
= =
26
26
Current i
Capacitor voltage
Gate pulse
Voltage across SCR
0
t t/2
et
et
et
et
V
V
2V
Conduction time of SCR
t
e
=
27
27
Problem
Calculate the conduction time of SCR and the
peak SCR current that flows in the circuit
employing series resonant commutation (self
commutation or class A commutation), if the
supply voltage is 300 V, C = 1F, L = 5 mH
and R
L
= 100 O. Assume that the circuit is
initially relaxed.
28
28
V=300V
R
L
L
1 F 100 O
5 mH
C
T
29
29
2
2
3 6 3
1
2
1 100
5 10 1 10 2 5 10
10, 000 rad/sec
Since the circuit is initially relaxed, initial voltage
across capacitor is zero as also the initial current
through and the expre
L
R
LC L
L
e
e
e

| |
=
|
\ .
| |
=
|

\ .
=
ssion for current is i
30
30
( )
3
sin , where
2
peak value of current
300
6
10000 5 10
Conducting time of SCR = 0.314msec
10000
t
P
V R
i t e t
L L
V
L
I A
o
e o
e
e
t t
e
= =
=
= =

= =
31
31
Problem
Figure shows a self commutating circuit. The
inductance carries an initial current of 200 A
and the initial voltage across the capacitor is
V, the supply voltage. Determine the
conduction time of the SCR and the capacitor
voltage at turn off.
32
32
V
=100V
L
50 F
10 H
C
T
+
i(t)
I
O
V
C
(0)=V
33
33
The transformed circuit of the
previous figure is shown in figure below
SL
V
S
V (0)
S
C
I L
O
+
+
+
-
-
-
1
CS
I(S)
34
34
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2 2
The governing equation is
0
1
0
1
0
1 1
C
O
C
O
C
O
V
V
I S SL I L I S
S S CS
V
V
I L
S S
I S
SL
CS
V
V
CS
S S
I LCS
I S
S LC S LC
= + +
+
=
+
(
(

= +
+ +
35
35
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
0
1 1
0
0
1
; where
C
O
C
O
C
O
V V C
I LCS
I S
LC S LC S
LC LC
V V
SI
I S
S
L S
V V
SI
I S
S
L S LC
e
e
e
e
e
e e
(

= +
( (
+ +
( (

= +
(
+
+

(

= + =
(
+
+

36
36
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
0
0
Taking inverse LT
0 sin cos
The capacitor voltage is given by
1
0
1
0 sin cos 0
C O
t
c C
t
c C O C
C
i t V V t I t
L
v t i t dt V
C
C
v t V V t I t dt V
C L
e e
e e
= + (

= +

= + + (
`

)
}
}
37
37
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
0
1
cos sin 0
0
1
1 cos sin 0
1
sin 0 1 cos 0
sin cos 0 0 cos 0
sin 0 cos
C
O
c C
C
O
c C
O
c C C
c O C C C
c O C
V V
t t
I C
v t t t V
o o C L
V V
I C
v t t t V
C L
I C
v t LC t V V LC t V
C C L
L
v t I t V V t V V t V
C
L
v t I t V V t V
C
e e
e e
e e
e e
e e
e e e
e e
(
= + +
(
(

(
= + +
(
(

= + +
= + + +
= + +
38
38
( )
( )
( )
we get
cos &
sin
C
O
c O
V O V
i t I t
L
v t I t V
C
e
e
=
=
= +
I
0
i(t)
t/2
t/2
et
et
v
c
(t)
V
39
39
6 6
6
Turn off occurs at a time ' ' so that
2
0.5
0.5
0.5 10 10 50 10
0.5 10 500 35.1 seconds
O
O
O
O
O
t
t
t LC
t
t
t
e
t
t
e
t
t

=
= =
=
= =
40
40
( )
( )
( )
6
0
6
and the capacitor voltage at turn off is given by
sin
10 10
200 sin90 100
50 10
89.4 100 189.4
c O O O
c O
c O
L
v t I t V
C
v t
v t V
e
= +
= +
= + =
41
41
In the circuit shown in figure V = 600 volts,
initial capacitor voltage is zero, L = 20 H,
C=50F and the current through the
inductance at the time of SCR triggering is
I
O
= 350 A. Determine
Peak values of capacitor voltage and current
Conduction time of T
1
.
Problem
42
42
V
L
i(t)
I
0
C
T
1
43
43
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
The expression for is given by
sin cos
It is given that the initial voltage across
the capacitor O is zero.
sin cos
C O
C
O
i t
C
i t V V O t I t
L
V
C
i t V t I t
L
e e
e e
= + (

= +
44
44
( )
( ) ( )
2 2
1
2 2
can be written as
sin
1
where tan and
The peak capacitor current is
O
O
O
i t
C
i t I V t
L
L
I
C
V
LC
C
I V
L
e o
o e
= + +
= =
+
45
45
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
6
2 2
6
Substituting the values, the peak capacitor current
50 10
350 600 1011.19
20 10
The expression for capacitor voltage is
sin 0 cos
with 0 0, sin cos
c O C
C c O
A
L
v t I t V V t V
C
L
V v t I t V t V
C
e e
e e
= + =
= +
= = +
46
46
( ) ( )
2 2 1
2 2
6
2 2
6
This can be rewritten as
sin ; Where tan
The peak value of capacitor voltage is
Substituting the values, the peak value of capacitor voltage
20 10
600 350
50 10
c O
O
O
C
V
L
L
v t V I t V
C I
L
V I V
C
e | |

= + + =
= + +
= +
600 639.5 600 1239.5V + = + =

47
47
To calculate conduction time of T
1

The waveform
of capacitor
current is shown
in figure.
When the
capacitor
current becomes
zero the SCR
turns off.
et
Capacitor
current
t o
0
o
48
48
1
1
conduction time of SCR
tan
1
Substituting the values tan
O
O
L
I
C
V
LC
L
I
C
V
t
t o
e
o
| |
|
|
|
|
\ .
= =
| |
|
|
=
|
|
\ .
49
49
6
1
6
0
6 6
350 20 10
tan
600 50 10
20.25 i.e., 0.3534 radians
1 1
31622.8 rad/sec
20 10 50 10
conduction time of SCR
0.3534
88.17 sec
31622.8
LC
o
o
e
t

=
= = =

= =
50
50
Resonant Pulse Commutation
(Class B Commutation)
L
C
V
Load
FWD
a
b
i
T
I
L
51
51
Series LC circuit connected across thyristor
T.
Initially C is charged to V volts with plate
a as positive.
Current in LC oscillates when SCR is ON.
T turns off when capacitor discharges through
thyristor in a direction opposite to I
L
52
52
Gate pulse
of SCR
Capacitor voltage
v
ab
t t
1
V
t
t
t
I
p
i
I
L
t
C
At
t
e
53
53
t
t
Voltage across
SCR
I
SCR
Thyristor Current
54
54
Expression For t
C
,
the Circuit Turn Off Time
Assume that at the time of turn off of the SCR
the capacitor voltage and a constant
load current flows.
is the time taken for the capacitor
voltage to reach 0 volts from volts and
it i
ab
L
c
v V
I
t
V
~
s derived as follows
55
55
0
1
seconds
For proper commutation should be greater than .
Magnitude of the peak value of should be
greater than the load current .
Expression for is derived as foll
c
t
L c
L
c
L
c q
p
L
I t
V I dt
C C
VC
t
I
t t
I i
I
i
= =
=
}
ows
56
56
The LC Circuit
During The Commutation Period

LC Circuit Transformed Circuit
i
L
C
T
+
V
C
(0)
=V
I(S)
SL
T
1
CS
V
S
+
-
57
57
( )
( )
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
V
S
I S
SL
Cs
VC
I S
LC S
L
V
CS
s
S LC
V
L
L
C
S
C
= =
+
= =
|
| |
|
\ .
+
\
+
|
|
.
58
58
( )
( )
( )
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
Taking inverse LT sin
V
LC
I S
L
S
LC
LC
C
LC
I S V
L
S
LC
C
i t V t
L
e
| |
|
\ .
=
| |
+
|
\ .
| |
|
\ .
=
+
=
59
59
( )
1
Where
sin sin
amps
p
p
LC
V
or i t t I t
L
C
I V
L
e
e e
e
=
= =
=
60
60
Expression For
Conduction Time Of SCR
1
sin
L
p
t
I
I
t
e
t
e e
= + A
| |
|
|
\ .
= +
61
61
Alternate Circuit
For Resonant Pulse Commutation
V
L
O
A
D
FWD
L
T
1
I
L
T
3
T
2
i
C
(t)
i
C
(t)
V
C
(0)
a b
+
C
62
62
Initially C charged with polarity as shown in
figure.
T
1
is conducting & I
L
is constant.
To turn off T
1
, T
2
is fired.
i
C
(t) flows opposite to I
L
& T
1
turns off at
i
C
(t) = I
L

63
63
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
sin
Where 0 & and the capacitor voltage
1
.
1
0 sin .
0 cos
c p
p C
c C
c C
c C
i t I t
C
I V
L
v t i t dt
C
C
v t V t dt
C L
v t V t
e
e
e
=
=
=
=
=
}
}
64
64
( )
1
1
Instant at
which the thyristor turns off is at
& sin
0
L p
p C
t
t
I I
LC
C
I V
L
=
=
65
65
( )
( ) ( )
1
1
1 1 1
or sin
0
& the corresponding capacitor voltage is
0 cos
L
C
c C
I L
t LC
V C
v t V V t e
| |
=
|
|
\ .
= =
66
66
Expression For t
C

( )
1
1
Assuming a constant load
current which charges the capacitor
seconds
Normally 0
For reliable commutation
depends on & becomes smaller for
higher values of
L
c
L
C
c q
C L
L
I
CV
t
I
V V
t t
t I
I
=
~
>
67
67
t
t
t
C
t
1
V
1
V
V
C
(0)
Capacitor
voltage v
ab
Current i
C
(t)
68
68
Resonant Pulse Commutation
With Accelerating Diode
69
69
V
L
O
A
D
FWD
L C
T
1
I
L
T
3
T
2
i
C
(t)
V
C
(0)
+
-
D
2
i
C
(t)
70
70
Diode D
2
connected as shown to accelerate
discharge.
T
2
turned on to turn off T
1.

Once T
1
is off at t
1
. i
C
(t) flows through D
2
until
current reduces to I
L
at time t
2
.
From t = t
2
,

C charges through load, T
2
self
commutates.
But thyristor recovery process low hence
longer reverse bias time.
71
71
I
L
0
V
C
0
V
1
V (O)
C
i
C
t
t
t
1
t
2
t
C
72
72
Problem
The circuit in figure shows a resonant pulse
commutation circuit. The initial capacitor
voltage V
C(O)
=200V, C = 30F and L = 3H.
Determine the circuit turn off time t
C
, if the
load current I
L
is 200 A and 50 A.
73
73
V
L
O
A
D
FWD
L C
T
1
I
L
T
3
T
2
i
C
(t)
V
C
(0)
+

74
74
( )
( )
2
1
1
1
1
6
6 6 1
1
6
When 200 ; Let be triggered at 0
Capacitor current reaches a value at
when turns off
sin
0
200 3 10
3 10 30 10 sin 3.05 sec
200 30 10
1 1
3 10
L
c L
L
C
I A T t
i t I t t
T
I L
t LC
V C
t
LC
= =
=
| |
=
|
|
\ .
| |
= = |
|
\ .
= =
6
6 6
0.105 10 / sec
30 10
rad

=

75
75
( )
1
1 1
6 6
1
1
1
1
6
At the magnitude of capacitor voltage is,
0 cos
i.e., 200cos 0.105 10 3.05 10
200 0.9487
189.75 Volts
&
30 10 189.75
28.46 sec
200
C
c
L
c
t t
V V t
V
V
V
CV
t
I
t
e
=
=
=
=
=
=

= =
76
76
6
6 6 1
1
6
6 6
1
6
1
When 50
50 3 10
3 10 30 10 sin 0.749 sec
200 30 10
200cos 0.105 10 0.749 10 200 1 200 Volts
30 10 200
120 sec
50
It is observed that as load increases the value of re
L
c
L
c
I A
t
V
CV
t
I
t
=
| |
= = |
|
\ .
= = =

= = =
duces.
77
77
2
1
Repeat above problem
For 200 if an antiparallel diode is
connected across thyristor as shown in figure
L
I A D
T
=
Problem
78
78
V
L
O
A
D
FWD
L C
T
1
I
L
T
3
T
2
i
C
(t)
V
C
(0)
+
-
D
2
i
C
(t)
79
79
( )
( )
2
1
1
1
1
6
6 6 1
1
6
1
200
Let be triggered at 0
Capacitor current reaches the value at ,
when turns off
sin
200 3 10
3 10 30 10 sin
200 30 10
3.05 sec
L
C L
L
C
I A
T t
i t I t t
T
I L
t LC
V O C
t
t
=
=
=
(
=
(

| |
= |
|
\ .
=
80
80
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
6 6
6
1
1 1 1
6 6
1
1
1 1
3 10 30 10
0.105 10 radians/sec

cos
200cos 0.105 10 3.05 10
189.75
C C
C
C
LC
At t t
V t V V O t
V t
V t V
e
e
e

= =

=
=
= =
=
=
81
81
( )
( )
2 1
2
2 1
6 6 6
2
2
6 6
6
flows through diode after turns off.
current falls back to at .
3 10 30 10 3.05 10
26.75 sec
1 1
3 10 30 10
0.105 10 rad/sec.
C
C L
i t D T
i t I t
t LC t
t
t
LC
t
t
e
e

=
=
=
= =

=
82
82
( )
( )
2
6 6
2 2
2 2
6 6
2 1

200cos 0.105 10 26.75 10
189.02
26.75 10 3.05 10
23.7 secs
C
C
C
C
At t t
V t V
V t V V
t t t
t
+

=
= =
= =
= =
=
83
83
Problem
For the circuit shown in figure calculate the
value of L for proper commutation of SCR.
Also find the conduction time of SCR.
V
=30V
L
i
4 F
R
L
I
L 30 O
84
84
The load current
30
1 Amp
30
For proper SCR commutation ,
the peak value of resonant current i, should be
greater than
Let 2 , 2 Amps
L
L
p
L
p L p
V
I
R
I
I
I I I
= = =
= =
85
85
6
3 6
1
0.9
Also
4 10
2 30
1 1
16666 rad/sec
0.9 10 4 10
p
V V C
I V
L L
L
LC
L mH
L
LC
e
e

= = =
=
= = =

86
86
1
1
1
sin
sin
2
16666 16666
0.523
radians 0.00022 seconds
16666
0.22 msec
L
p
I
I
t t
e e
t

| |
| |
|
| |
\ . \ .
= + = +
+
= =
=
87
87
Problem
For the circuit shown in figure given that the
load current to be commutated is 10 A, turn off
time required is 40sec and the supply voltage
is 100 V. Obtain the proper values of
commutating elements.
88
88
V
=100V
L
i I
L
I
L
C
89
89
( )
peak value of & this should be greater than
Let 1.5
1.5 10 100 ...
Also, assuming that at the time of turn off the capacitor
voltage is approximately equal to V, and the load curren
p L
p L
C
I i V I
L
I I
C
a
L
=
=
=
t
linearly charges the capacitor
seconds
c
L
CV
t
I
=
90
90
6
6
4 6
2 2
4
& this is given to be 40 sec.
100
40 10
10
4
Substituting this in equation (a)
4 10
1.5 10 100
10 4 10
1.5 10
1.777 10 0.177
c
t
C
C F
L
L
L H mH
=
=
=

=
= =
91
91
Problem
In a resonant commutation circuit supply
voltage is 200 V. Load current is 10 A and the
device turn off time is 20s. The ratio of peak
resonant current to load current is 1.5.
Determine the value of L and C of the
commutation circuit.
92
92
( )
Given 1.5
1.5 1.5 10 15
. ., 15 ...
It is given that the device turn off time is 20 sec.
Therefore the circuit turn off time should be
greater than this,
Let 30 sec &
p
L
p L
p
c
c c
L
I
I
I I A
C
i e I V A a
L
t
CV
t t
I
=
= = =
= =
= =
93
93
6
6
6
2 2
200
30 10
10
1.5
Substituting in (a)
1.5 10
15 200
1.5 10
15 200
0.2666 mH
C
C F
L
L
L
=
=
=
=
94
94
Complementary Commutation
(Class C Commutation,
Parallel Capacitor Commutation)
95
95
V
R
1
R
2
T
1
T
2
I
L
i
C
C
a b
96
96
Two SCRs are used, turning ON one SCR turns
off the other.
T
1
is fired, I
L
flows through R
1
.
At same time C charges towards V through
R
2
with plate b positive.
To turn off T
1
, T
2
is fired resulting in capacitor
voltage reverse biasing T
1
and turning it off.
When T
2
is fired current through load shoots up
as voltage across load is V+V
C

97
97
Gate pulse
of T
1
Gate pulse
of T
2
Current through R
1
t
I
L
V
t
t
t
t
Current through T
1
Current through T
2
2
2
V
R
2
1
V
R
V
R
1
V
R
2
V
R
1
2
1
V
R
98
98
t
t
t
Voltage across
capacitor v
ab
Voltage across T
1
Current
through R
2
t
C
t
C
t
C
V
- V
99
99
Expression For
Circuit Turn Off Time t
C

( )
( )
( )
( )
1 1
1
Where is the final voltage, is the initial
voltage and is the time constant.
At , 0, , C, &
0 2
c c
t
c f i f
f i
c c f i
t t
R C R C
v t V V V e
V V
t t v t V V R V V
V V V e V Ve
t
t
t

= +
= = = = =
= + =
100
100
1 1
1
1
1
2 2
2 ; 0.5
Taking natural logarithms on both sides
ln 0.5
0.693
This time should be greater than the turn off time of
Similarly when is commutated 0.693
And this
c c
t t
R C R C
c
c
q
c
V Ve e
t
RC
t RC
t T
T t R C

= =
=
=
=
2
1 2
time should be greater than of
Usually
q
t T
R R R = =
101
101
In the circuit shown in figure, the load
resistances R
1
= R
2
= R = 5O & the
capacitance C = 7.5 F, V = 100 volts.
Determine the circuit turn off time t
C
Problem
102
102
V
R
1
R
2
T
1
T
2
C
6
The circuit turn-off time
0.693 RC seconds
0.693 5 7.5 10
26 sec
c
c
c
t
t
t

=
=
=
103
103
Calculate the values of R
L
and C to be used for
commutating the main SCR in the circuit
shown in figure. When it is conducting a full
load current of 25 A flows. The minimum time
for which the SCR has to be reverse biased for
proper commutation is 40sec. Also find R
1
,
given that the auxiliary SCR will undergo
natural commutation when its forward current
falls below the holding current value of 2 mA.
Problem
104
104
V
=100V
R
1
R
L
Main
SCR
Auxiliary
SCR
i
C
C
I
L
i
1
105
105
In this circuit only the main SCR carries the load and
the auxiliary SCR is used to turn off the main SCR.
Once the main SCR turns off the current through the
auxiliary SCR is the sum of the capacitor charging
current i
C
and the current i
1
through R
1
, i
C
reduces to
zero after a time t
C
and hence the auxiliary SCR turns
off automatically after a time t
C
, i
1
should be less than
the holding current.
106
106
6
6
Given 25
100
. ., 25
4
40 sec 0.693
. ., 40 10 0.693 4
40 10
4 0.693
14.43
L
L L
L
c L
I A
V
i e A
R R
R
t R C
i e C
C
C F
=
= =
= O
= =
=
=
107
107
1
1
1
1
3
1
should be less
than the holding current of auxiliary SCR
100
should be 2
100
2 10
. ., 50
V
i
R
mA
R
R
i e R K

=
<
>
> O
108
108
Impulse Commutation
(Class D Commutation)
V
L
O
A
D
FWD
C
T
1
T
3
I
L
T
2
V
C
(O)
+
L
109
109
C charged to a voltage V
C
(O) with polarity as
shown.
T
1
is conducting and carries load current I
L
.
To turn off T
1
, T
2
is fired.
Capacitor voltage reverse biases T
1
and turns it
off.
C Charges through load.
T
2
self commutates.
To reverse capacitor voltage T
3
is turned ON.
110
110
Gate pulse
of T
2
Gate pulse
of T
3
Voltage across T
1
Capacitor
voltage
Gate pulse
of T
1
V
S
t
t
t
t
C
V
C
-V
C
111
111
Expression For
Circuit Turn Off Time t
C
0
1
depends on & is given by the expression
1
(assuming the load current to be constant)
seconds
For proper commutation , turn off time of
c
c L
t
C L
L c C
C c
L
c q
t I
V I dt
C
I t V C
V t
C I
t t T
=
= =
>
}
112
112
- T
1
is turned off by applying a negative voltage across
its terminals. Hence this is voltage commutation.
- t
C
depends on load current. For higher load currents t
C

is small. This is a disadvantage of this circuit.
- When T
2
is fired, voltage across the load is V+V
C
;
hence the current through load shoots up and then
decays as the capacitor starts charging.
113
113
An Alternative Circuit
For Impulse Commutation
V
C
D
T
1
I
T
1
I
L
i
T
2
L
R
L
V
C
(O)
+
_
114
114
Initially C is charged to V
C
with top plate
positive.
T
1
is fired, load current I
L
flows.
C discharges at the same time & reverses its
polarity.
D ensures bottom plate remains positive.
To turn off T
1
, T
2
is fired.
115
115
Gate pulse
of T
1
Gate pulse
of T
2
Current through SCR
This is due to i
Capacitor
voltage
t
t
t
t
C
V
C
I
L
I
T
1
- V
V
R
L
116
116
Load current
Voltage across T
1
t
t
t
C
I
L
V
2V
R
L
117
117
Problem
An impulse commutated thyristor circuit is
shown in figure. Determine the available turn
off time of the circuit if V = 100 V, R = 10 O
and C = 10 F. Voltage across capacitor
before T
2
is fired is V volts with polarity as
shown.
118
118
C
T
1
T
2
V (0)
C
V
+
+
-
-
R
119
119
When T
2
is triggered
the circuit is as shown in figure
C
i(t)
T
2
V
+
+
-
-
R
V (O)
C
120
120
Writing the transform
circuit, we obtain
V
s
V (0)
s
C
+
+
I(s)
1
Cs
R
121
121
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
Expression for capacitor voltage
is obtained as follows,
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
C
C
C
V V
S
I S
R
CS
C V V
I S
RCS
V V
I S
R S
RC
+
=
+
+
=
+
+
=
| |
+
|
\ .
122
122
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
Voltage across capacitor
0
1
0 0
1
1
0 0 0
1
C
C
C C
C
C C C
C
V
V s I S
CS S
V V V
V s
RCS S
S
RC
V V V V V
V S
S S
S
RC
=
+
=
| |
+
|
\ .
+ +
=
| |
+
|
\ .
123
123
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
0
1 1
1 0
In the given problem 0
1 2
C
C
t t
RC RC
c C
C
t
RC
c
V
V V
V S
S
S S
RC RC
v t V e V e
V V
v t V e

=
+ +
| |
=
|
\ .
=
| |
=
|
\ .
124
124
The waveform of v
C
(t)
is shown in figure
t
t
C
V
V (0)
C
v (t)
C
125
125
( )
At , 0
0 1 2
1 2
1
2
c
c
c
c c
t
RC
t
RC
t
RC
t t v t
V e
e
e
= =
| |
=
|
\ .
=
=
126
126
( )
( )
6
Taking natural logarithms
1
log
2
ln 2
10 10 10 ln 2
69.3 sec
c
e
c
c
c
t
RC
t RC
t
t
| |
=
|
\ .
=
=
=
127
127
Problem
In the commutation circuit shown in figure
C = 20 F, the input voltage V varies between
180 and 220 V and the load current varies
between 50 and 200 A. Determine the minimum
and maximum values of available turn off time
t
C
.
128
128
C
T
1
T
2
I
0
I
0
V (0)=V
C
+
V
129
129
It is given that varies
between 180 and 220 V &
varies between 50 and 200 A
The expression for available
turn off time is given by
is max. when V is max. & is min.
O
c
c
O
c O
V
I
t
CV
t
I
t I
=
130
130
max
max
min
6
max
min
min
max
6
min
220
20 10 88 sec
50
180
20 10 18 sec
200
c
O
c
c
O
c
CV
t
I
t
CV
And t
I
t
=
= =
=
= =
131
131
External Pulse
Commutation (Class E Commutation)
V
S
V
AUX
L
C
T
1
T
3
T
2
R
L
2V
AUX
+

132
132
T
1
is conducting & R
L
is connected across
supply.
T
3
is fired & C is charged to 2V
AUX
with upper
plate positive.
T
3
is self commutated.
To turn off T
1
, T
2
is fired.
T
2
ON results in a reverse voltage V
S
2V
AUX

appearing across T
1.
133
133
Load Side Commutation
In load side commutation the discharging and
recharging of capacitor takes place through the
load. Hence to test the commutation circuit the
load has to be connected. Examples of load
side commutation are Resonant Pulse
Commutation and Impulse Commutation.
134
134
Line Side Commutation
In this type of commutation the discharging
and recharging of capacitor takes place through
the supply.
135
135
L
O
A
D
FWD
L
r
C
T
3
I
L
L
T
2
V
S
T
1
+
_
+
_
136
136
Thyristor T
2
is fired to charge the capacitor C.
When C charges to a voltage of 2V, T
2
is self
commutated. To reverse the voltage of
capacitor to -2V, thyristor T
3
is fired and T
3

commutates by itself. Assuming that T
1
is
conducting and carries a load current I
L

thyristor T
2
is fired to turn off T
1
.
137
137
The turning ON of T
2
will result in forward
biasing the diode (FWD) and applying a
reverse voltage of 2V acrossT
1
. This turns off
T
1
, thus the discharging and recharging of
capacitor is done through the supply and the
commutation circuit can be tested without load.

Thyristor Commutation Techniques 100403040622 Phpapp02

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Power Electronics by Prof. M.

Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao

600 639.5 600 1239.5V + = + =

Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao

Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao

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