Nanostructure in bone structure (Sato, Webster et al.

, 2004)
1. The structure of bone
Lab of mechanics and materials 1
2. The structure of tendon
Lab of mechanics and materials 2
http://www.sculptraaesthetic.com/images/roleofcollagenloss_chart.jp
g
3. Collagen in skin
Lab of mechanics and materials 3
http://www.iupui.edu/~bbml/Figures/collagen.jpg
4. Structure of Collagen fibrill
Lab of mechanics and materials 4
Polymer physics
o From fundamental statistical data to
physical properties
Rubber Elasticity
o Prediction of mechanical behavior of
rubbery materials based on theory of
polymers
Continuum mechanics


5. Theoretical frame
Lab of mechanics and materials 5


= + = = = =
+ = = = =
N
j
N
j k
k j
N
j
N
k
N
j
j k j E E E E
R R R R R R R R R
1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2
2
The density distribution P(R
E
) of the end-to-end distance R
E
is central to the
analysis of the elasticity of the single chain as well as the network
n bonds with equal length
and r = R
E

6. Polymers
Lab of mechanics and materials 6

The probability function
for a molecule
where
Kakavas & Blatz 2005
= 3

(1)

=
1

(2) the inverse Langevin function

using Pades approximation for the Langevin function

=
3

1
3
5

1
5

1
5

6

7. Freely rotating chain model
Lab of mechanics and materials 7
1
st
Law :
2
nd
Law :
Where dU is the change in internal energy ,
dQ is the heat absorbed by the system
dW is the work done on the system from External forces
dS is the change in entropy in a reversible process
The change of Helmholtz free energy (A=U-TS) for T=const
= (1)
= (2)
= (3)
Combining (1),(2) & (3) for constant T = (4)
In the elasticity of solids the work done by the applied stress in a small displacement
= (5)
Where is the tensile force and the length of specimen
From (4) & (5) the tension may be expressed :
=

8. Thermodynamic analysis
Lab of mechanics and materials 8
9. The entropy of a single chain
and tension on a chain
According to Boltzman entropy is
Lab of mechanics and materials 9
=

ln ()
The increase in entropy upon stretching is =

ln (

)
Where P is given by 7.1 equation and P* is the maximum probability evaluated

= 6/

= 2/3
=

10. entropy and strain energy density for the network

= 3

(1)
Lab of mechanics and materials 10

Affine deformation on a cubic network =
1

0
, =
2

0
, z=
3

0
,
For freely rotating chain and a cubic model the change in the entropy is
=

3
=1
The strain energy function is
=

Under the Valanis-Landel (1967) hypothesis = (

)
3
=1

The principal stresses

11. The stress-strain equation
Lab of mechanics and materials 11
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
=
6 4 2
2
6 4 2
2
2 1
2
1
5
1
5
1
5
3
1
5
1
5
1
5
3
1
| | |
|
| |
k k k

k k k

o o
a a a
a
a a
D D
GD
2
max
2
max
2
max
1
5
1
5
1
5
3
1

= D
2
max
2
max
2
max
2
5
3
5
2
5
3
1

+ + = D
,
max
/ k
a a
=
= 1,2,3
=

where N is the number of chains per unit volume , the

density of the specimen , m
c
the average chain molecular weight, G is the
shear modulus
Two physical parameters the shear modulus and the maximum extensibility
Of the chain are enough to determine the model
Kakavas & others (to be submitted)
12. Simple tension
Lab of mechanics and materials 12

1
= ,
2
=
3
= 0
1
= ,
2
=
3
=
1

,
1

3
= 1 Incompressible
6
max
2 / 1
4
max
2 / 1
2
max
2 / 1
2
max
6
max
2 / 1
4
max
2 / 1
2
max
2 / 1
max
5
1
5
1
5
3
1
/ ) (

5
1
5
1
5
3
1
) (
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|

o D D
G
2
max
4
max
2
6
max
4
max
2
max
max
5
2
5
3
1
5
1
5
1
5
3
1
) (

+ +
|
|
.
|

\
|

= D
13. Experiment- Data fitting
Lab of mechanics and materials 13
1,00 1,05 1,10
0
10
20
30
E = 43.24 MPa
Experimental [1]
Four parameter model [12]
Two parameter model, Eqn. ((41)


T
r
u
e

S
t
r
e
s
s




(
M
P
a
)

1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5

0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
E = 469.0 MPa
Experimental [4]
Four parameter model [5]
Two parameter model, Eqn. (41)




T
r
u
e

S
t
r
e
s
s




(
G
P
a
)

13. Conclusions
Lab of mechanics and materials 14
The derived constitutive model is based on two parameters:
the maximum extensibility of the chain and
the shear modulus (G) of the material.

The proposed modell predicts well the experimental data up to
the breaking point of the unfilled rubbers.

The two parameters can be easily determined by inspecting the
experimental data.

For low strain, the prediction is accurate enough to exactly
predict the shear modulus

Assuming that the collagen fibrils behave as a rubber material,
the modulus of elasticity can be computed by dividing the
derived shear modulus by three.

15. References
[1] Eppell S.J., Smith B.N., Kahn H, Ballarini R. Nano measurement with
micro-devise:mechanical properties of hydrate collagen fibrils. J. Roy.
Soc. Interface 2006;l.3:117-121.
[2] K.-Y. Xu, P.A. Kakavas, R. Ballarini, S.J. Eppell and E.C. Aifantis,
Prediction of the mechanical behavior of collagen fibrils, in: Proc.
Advanced Problems in Mechanics/APM 2009, St. Petersburg, 6-10 July
2008, pp. 718-723,2008.
[3] Xu K.Y., Aifantis E.C. Logarithmic Strain Measure Model for Constitutive
Equations of Hyperelastic Collagen Materials. (to be submitted) 2014.
[4] Shan Y.F., Xu K.Y. Logarithmic model of strain for constitutive equation
of hyperelastic collagen materials, Journal of Shanghai University (Natural
Science) 2012; 18(2):186-190
[5] Kakavas P.A., Blatz P.J. New constitutive equation for unfilled rubbers
based on maximum chain extensibility approach// Proceedings of the
4th European Conference for Constitutive Models for Rubber, ECCMR
2005, Stockholm, Sweden.2005; 403-408.
[6] Flory P.J. The principles of polymer chemistry, Ithaka, NY,Cornell
University Press; 1953.


Lab of mechanics and materials 15
Thank you
Lab of mechanics and materials 16