EEAST is a complete R & D Organization

dedicated to provide Electronics and Advanced

Software Products and Solutions to its Clients.
Achieving the needs of our customer and converting
their ideas to real models is our motto.
We are working in the field of
Embedded Systems, Automation and Advanced
System design for the last four years with the
vision of becoming a center of Excellence to provide
Solutions, Services and Training in
various fields of technologies.

Embedded system means the processor is embedded
into that application.
An embedded product uses a microprocessor or
microcontroller to do one task only.
In an embedded system, there is only one application
software that is typically burned into ROM.
Exampleprinter, keyboard, video game player
Things with computers that are not computers
themselves
Refrigerators, toys, industrial robots, ...
98% of all microprocessors go into embedded
systems
Embedded systems are everywhere!
50% much smaller than PC microprocessors
8-bit microprocessors

Use a microprocessor or microcontroller to do
one task only
Printer
PC used for any number of applications
Word processor, print-server, bank teller terminal,
video game player, network server, internet terminal
PC contains or is connected to various embedded
products
Keyboard, printer, modem, disk controller, sound card,
CD-ROM driver, mouse
X86 PC embedded applications
Home
Appliances, intercom, telephones, security
systems, garage door openers, answering
machines, fax machines, home computers, TVs,
cable TV tuner, VCR, camcorder, remote controls,
video games, cellular phones, musical instruments,
sewing machines, lighting control, paging, camera,
pinball machines, toys, exercise equipment
Office
Telephones, computers, security systems, fax
machines, microwave, copier, laser printer, color
printer, paging

Auto
Trip computer, engine control, air bag, ABS,
instrumentation, security system, transmission
control, entertainment, climate control, cellular
phone, keyless entry
The microprocessor is the core of computer
systems.
Nowadays many communication, digital
entertainment, portable devices, are
controlled by them.
A designer should know what types of
components he needs, ways to reduce
production costs and product reliable.
Introduction
CPU
General-
Purpose
Micro-
processor
RAM ROM
I/O
Port
Timer
Serial
COM
Port
Data Bus
Address Bus
General-Purpose Microprocessor System
CPU for Computers
No RAM, ROM, I/O on CPU chip itself
ExampleIntels x86, Motorolas 680x0
Many chips on mothers board
General-purpose microprocessor
Microprocessor
CPU is stand-alone, RAM,
ROM, I/O, timer are separate
designer can decide on the
amount of ROM, RAM and
I/O ports.
expansive
versatility
general-purpose

Microcontroller
CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O and
timer are all on a single chip
fix amount of on-chip ROM,
RAM, I/O ports
for applications in which cost,
power and space are critical
single-purpose
Microprocessor vs. Microcontroller

Microprocessor vs. Microcontroller



Computing needs
Speed, packaging, power consumption, RAM,
ROM, I/O pins, timers, upgrade to high
performance or low-power versions, cost
Software development tools
Assembler, debugger, C compiler, emulator,
technical support
Availability & source
RAM ROM
I/O
Port
Timer
Serial
COM
Port
Microcontroller
CPU
A smaller computer
On-chip RAM, ROM, I/O ports...
ExampleMotorolas 6811, Intels 8051, Zilogs Z8 and PIC 16X
A single chip
Microcontroller :
Companies Producing
8051/8952
Some Companies Producing a Member of
the 8051/8952 Family
Company Web Site
Intel www.intel.com/design/mcs51
Atmel www.atmel.com
Philips/Signetics www.semiconductors.philips.com
Siemens www.sci.siemens.com
Dallas Semiconductor www.dalsemi.com
Advantages of using MCU


Small Single chip is smaller than a PC
Cheap
Low power consumption
Low heat
High efficiency have only required
units
1. meeting the computing needs of the task efficiently and
cost effectively
speed, the amount of ROM and RAM, the number of
I/O ports and timers, size, packaging, power
consumption
easy to upgrade
cost per unit
2. availability of software development tools
assemblers, debuggers, C compilers, emulator,
simulator, technical support
3. wide availability and reliable sources of the
microcontrollers.
Three criteria in Choosing a Microcontroller
Contents:
Introduction
Block Diagram and Pin Description of
the AT89C52.
Registers
Memory mapping in AT89C52.
AT89C52 Flag bits and the PSW
register
Stack in the AT89C52.
8051 Family
Comparison of 8051 Family Members
Feature 8051 8052 8031
ROM (on chip program space in bytes) 4K 8k 0k
RAM (bytes) 128 256 128
Timers 2 3 2
I/O pins 32 32 32
Serial port 1 1 1
Interrupt sources 6 8 6
Inside 8051 Microcontroller
Introduced by Intel in 1981
Pin Description of the 8051
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
P1.0
P1.1
P1.2
P1.3
P1.4
P1.5
P1.6
P1.7
RST
(RXD)P3.0
(TXD)P3.1
(T0)P3.4
(T1)P3.5
XTAL2
XTAL1
GND
(INT0)P3.2
(INT1)P3.3
(RD)P3.7
(WR)P3.6
Vcc
P0.0(AD0)
P0.1(AD1)
P0.2(AD2)
P0.3(AD3)
P0.4(AD4)
P0.5(AD5)
P0.6(AD6)
P0.7(AD7)
EA/VPP
ALE/PROG
PSEN
P2.7(A15)
P2.6(A14)
P2.5(A13)
P2.4(A12)
P2.3(A11)
P2.2(A10)
P2.1(A9)
P2.0(A8)
8051

Pins of 80511/4
Vccpin 40
Vcc provides supply voltage to the chip.
The voltage source is +5V.
GNDpin 20ground
XTAL1 and XTAL2pins 19,18
These 2 pins provide external clock.
Way 1using a quartz crystal oscillator
Way 2using a TTL oscillator
Example 4-1 shows the relationship between XTAL and the
machine cycle.
Pins of 80512/4
RSTpin 9reset
It is an input pin and is active highnormally low.
The high pulse must be high at least 2 machine cycles.
It is a power-on reset.
Upon applying a high pulse to RST, the microcontroller will
reset and all values in registers will be lost.
Reset values of some 8051 registers
Way 1Power-on reset circuit
Way 2Power-on reset with debounce
Pins of I/O Port
The 8051 has four I/O ports
Port 0 pins 32-39P0P0.0P0.7
Port 1pins 1-8 P1P1.0P1.7
Port 2pins 21-28P2P2.0P2.7
Port 3pins 10-17P3P3.0P3.7
Each port has 8 pins.
Named P0.X X=0,1,...,7, P1.X, P2.X, P3.X
ExP0.0 is the bit 0LSBof P0
ExP0.7 is the bit 7MSBof P0
These 8 bits form a byte.
Each port can be used as input or output (bi-direction).
Pins of 80513/4
/EApin 31external access
There is no on-chip ROM in 8031 and 8032 .
The /EA pin is connected to GND to indicate the code is stored
externally.
/PSEN ALE are used for external ROM.
For 8051, /EA pin is connected to Vcc.
/ means active low.
/PSENpin 29program store enable
This is an output pin and is connected to the OE pin of the ROM.
Pins of 80514/4
ALEpin 30address latch enable
It is an output pin and is active high.
8051 port 0 provides both address and data.
The ALE pin is used for de-multiplexing the address and data by
connecting to the G pin of the 74LS373 latch.
I/O port pins
The four ports P0, P1, P2, and P3.
Each port uses 8 pins.
All I/O pins are bi-directional.
Dual Role of Port 0
When connecting an 8051/8031 to an external memory, the 8051
uses ports to send addresses and read instructions.
8031 is capable of accessing 64K bytes of external memory.
16-bit addressP0 provides both address A0-A7, P2 provides
address A8-A15.
Also, P0 provides data lines D0-D7.
When P0 is used for address/data multiplexing, it is connected to the
74LS373 to latch the address.
There is no need for external pull-up resistors
Port 0 with Pull-Up Resistors
P0.0
P0.1
P0.2
P0.3
P0.4
P0.5
P0.6
P0.7
DS5000
8751
8951
Vcc
10 K
P
o
r
t

0

Registers
A
B
R0
R1
R3
R4
R2
R5
R7
R6
PC
PC
Some 8051 16-bit Register
Some 8-bitt Registers of
the 8051
8051 Flag bits and the PSW register
PSW Register

CY AC F0 RS1 OV RS0 P --
CY PSW.7 Carry flag
AC PSW.6 Auxiliary carry flag
-- PSW.5 Available to the user for general purpose
RS1 PSW.4 Register Bank selector bit 1
RS0 PSW.3 Register Bank selector bit 0
OV PSW.2 Overflow flag
-- PSW.1 User define bit
P PSW.0 Parity flag Set/Reset odd/even parity
RS1 RS0 Register Bank Address
0 0 0 00H-07H
0 1 1 08H-0FH
1 0 2 10H-17H
1 1 3 18H-1FH
Stack in the 8051
The register used to access
the stack is called SP (stack
pointer) register.

The stack pointer in the
8051 is only 8 bits wide,
which means that it can take
value 00 to FFH. When
8051 powered up, the SP
register contains value 07.
7FH
30H
2FH
20H
1FH
17H
10H
0FH
07H
08H
18H
00H
Register Bank 0
(Stack) Register Bank 1
Register Bank 2
Register Bank 3
Bit-Addressable RAM
Scratch pad RAM
Now we can
program...
But how do we
get the programs
onto the devices?
WITH THE USE OF KEIL
SOFTWARE
Write a program in embedded C language.
Execute it.
View the output of program on peripheral
devices as provided in Keil software.
Now burn the program on AT89C52 using
burner.
Now apply the chip with hardware.
Interfacing
hardware or software used to interface two
computers or programs or devices

Interfacing used
LED
Seven Segment Display
LCD Display
Stepper Motor
Switch
Buzzer

AUTOMATIC CAR PARKING
Block Diagram
Layout
Circuit Diagram
BLOCK DIAGRAM
STEPPER MOTOR
STEPPER MOTOR
This animation demonstrates the principle for a stepper motor using full step
commutation. The rotor of a permanent magnet stepper motor consists of
permanent magnets and the stator has two pairs of windings. Just as the rotor
aligns with one of the stator poles, the second phase is energized. The two
phases alternate on and off and also reverse polarity. There are four steps. One
phase lags the other phase by one step. This is equivalent to one forth of an
electrical cycle or 90.
STEPPER MOTOR
This stepper motor is very simplified. The rotor of a real stepper motor usually
has many poles. The animation has only ten poles, however a real stepper
motor might have a hundred. These are formed using a single magnet mounted
inline with the rotor axis and two pole pieces with many teeth. The teeth are
staggered to produce many poles. The stator poles of a real stepper motor also
has many teeth. The teeth are arranged so that the two phases are still 90 out
of phase. This stepper motor uses permanent magnets. Some stepper motors
do not have magnets and instead use the basic principles of a switched
reluctance motor. The stator is similar but the rotor is composed of a iron
laminates.
STEPPER MOTOR
Note how the phases are driven so
that the rotor takes half steps
STEPPER MOTOR
Animation shows how coils are
energized for full steps
STEPPER MOTOR
Full step sequence
showing how binary
numbers can control
the motor
Half step
sequence of
binary
control
numbers
LCD Display
Optocoupler Devices
ICs used in Automation ,to provide isolation
Why isolation is required?
Because microcontroller works on 5V and other
devices(Stepper Motor , Fan) works on greater
than 5V . Any spike of greater of 5V can burn
microcontroller .
Pin diagram of 4N35
Electromagnetic Relay