Alkyl halide/

Halo alkane
Organic Chemistry I
 Properties
• Electronegativity of atoms generally increases going from
left to right in a row and from bottom to top in a column in
the periodic table. Fluorine is the most electronegative
element. The halogens are more electronegative than
carbon and halogen-carbon bonds are polar covalent bonds
with a partial positive charge on the carbon atom and a
partial negative charge on the halogen atom.
• The carbon atom in carbon-halogen bonds is therefore
susceptible to attack by nucleophiles. When a nucleophile
attacks and becomes bonded to the carbon atom of an alkyl
halide, the carbon-halogen bond is broken.
• In these reactions the halogen is called the leaving group
(even though it is an atom). The symbol X is often used to
represent any halogen atom.
Structure of Alkyl Halide
 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
ALKYL HALIDES:
INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
• Boiling Point. When describing the effect
of alkane structure on boiling point, we
pointed out that the forces of attraction
between neutral molecules are of three
types listed here. The first two of these
involve induced dipoles and are often
referred to as dispersion forces, or London
forces.
• 1. Induced-dipole/induced-dipole forces
• 2. Dipole/induced-dipole forces
• 3. Dipole–dipole forces