Medical Protozoology

Medical Helminthology
Medical Arthropodology
nematodestrematodescestodes
multicellular
egg
Larvae
asexual

Adult
Sexual reproduction
Small\simple
Introduction of Protozoa, Amoebae(6w)
Giardia lamblia,Trichomonas vaginalis(7w)
Leshimania spp.Toxoplasma gondii(7w)
Malaria (Plasmodium spp.)(8w)
projects


Protozoa are one-celled animals,

found worldwide in most habitats.
Sea/soil/water/putrefaction

Most species are free living, but all higher
animals are infected with one or more species of
protozoa. (tube/sape/tissure/cell)

Infections range from asymptomatic to life
threatening, depending on species and strain of
parasite and resistance of host.
INTRODUCTION OF PROTAZOA
---Classification

On the basis of morphology, protozoa are
currently classified into 4 phyla.
Phylum Sarcomastigophora,
Phylum Apicomplexa(Lobosea),
Phylum Ciliophora.
Phylum Sporozoea.
Most species causing human disease are
members of the phyla Sacromastigophora and
Apicomplexa and Sporozoea.
INTRODUCTION OF PROTAZOA
amoeba trophozoite








Trophozoite, fresh examination





Trophozoite,
Three Leishmania amastigotes, each with a clearly visible
nucleus and kinetoplast, from the same impression smear
as in the previous two slides.
Balantidium coli
cilia
---Structure

Protozoa are microscopic unicellular
eukaryotes that have a relatively complex
internal structure and carry out complex
metabolic activities.

Some protozoa have structures for propulsion
or other types of movement.
pseudopodium: amoeba.
flagellum: flagellate.
cilium: ciliate
INTRODUCTION OF PROTAZOA
karyon
vesicular nucleus
compact nucleus
---Life Cycle Stages

Stages of parasitic protozoa that actively
feed and multiply are frequently called
trophozoites;

Cysts are stages with a protective membrane
or thickened wall. Protozoan cysts that must
survive outside the host usually have more
resistant walls than cysts that form in tissues.
INTRODUCTION OF PROTAZOA
trophozoites
Cysts
bad condition

[Entamoeba histolytica]








A B C D
A, B, C, D: Trophozoites of Entamoeba histolytica/dispar, line drawing (A) and trichrome stain (B, C, and D).


amoeba trophozoite
amoeba trophozoite
amoeba cyst

Three types of life cycle:
1.transmitted by human to human

2. transmitted between human and
animal/vertebrate

3. transmitted by arthropod/insect
---Reproduction


Both sexual and asexual reproduction occur
in the Apicomplexa.
INTRODUCTION OF PROTAZOA
Binary fission
Binary fission, the most common form of
reproduction, is asexual;

Multiple division
Multiple asexual division occurs in some forms.






P.vivax: in young schizonts the nucleus divides and the
vacuole disappears; the cytoplasm is dense.












P.vivax: in about 48hours schizogony is completed.
Mature schizont may contain 12-24 merozoites.
In thick smears schizonts look smaller than in thin smears
and the Schuffner's dots are not always visible.













T. gondii: cross-section through an endozoid in an advanced stage
of endodiogeny. The daugther cells appear to be surrounded. In
each of these new cells there are two round bodies that lengthen
forming the first rhoptries.






sexual reproduction

gametogony

conjugation
---Pathogenesis

Protozoal infection results in tissue damage
leading to disease.

In chronic infections the tissue damage is often
due to an immune response to the parasite
and/or to host antigens as well as to changes in
cytokine profiles.

Alternatively, it may be due to toxic protozoal
products and/or to mechanical damage.

INTRODUCTION OF PROTAZOA
INTRODUCTION OF PROTAZOA
---Pathogenesis

4 features:
1.Damage by proliferation of protozoa
2.Damage by diffuse of protozoa
3.Damage by toxin
4.Damage by opportunistic protozoa