Age and gender

Aptitude
Motivation

Part of the Ts repertoire
A. L2 Motivation: different as it represents
culture
A. Relunctancy / negative image
B. As a dynamic process
A. Not stable, but a continuous process of
change
B. Motivation needs to be generated
C. Motivation needs to be maintained and
protected
D. Retrospective evaluation

C. Motives to learn an L2
A. Integrative orientation: positive
disposition
B. Instrumental orientation: pragmatic
gains of L2 proficiency
C. Integrative motive
A. Integrativeness
B. Attitudes toward the learning
situation
C. Motivation
D. Expectancy of success: linguistic
self-confidence


1. Perceived quality of the learning
experience
1. Novelty
2. Pleasantness
3. Goal
4. Need significance
5. Coping potential
6. Self and social image
2. Autonomy: self-determination
3. Overall impression (retrospective)
4. Use of strategies
1. Creating the basic motivational
conditions (rapport; supporting,
pleasant atmosphere)
2. Generating initial student motivation (L2
attitudes, goals, relevant teaching
materials)
3. Maintaining and protecting motivation
(setting specifc goals, allowing self-
esteem, cooperation)
4. Encouraging positive retrospective self-
evaluation (providing motivational
feedback, offering rewards)
They are more or less stable
The influence is not direct, but tasks can
be modified to meet learning styles

Framework:
VAK
Extrovert/introvert
Abstract & intuitive / concrete & sequential
Open / closed
Global / particular
Synthesizing / analytic
1. Language learning strategies
The conscious and semi-conscious
thoughts and behaviors used by
learners with the explicit goal of
improving their knowledge and
understanding of a TL
2. Language use strategies
For using the language that has been
learned, however incompletely
including four sub-sets of strategies:
1. Retrieval strategies
2. Rehearsal strategies (practicing)
3. Communication (convey a message)
4. Cover (to hide your lack of knowledge)
DIRECT STRATEGIES
Memory strategies
Creating mental linkages
Grouping
Associating/elaborating
Placing new words into a context
Applying image and sounds
Using imagery
Semantic mapping
Using keywords
Representing sounds in memory
Reviewing well
Structured reviewing
Employing action
Using physical response or sensation
Using mechanical techniques

DIRECT STRATEGIES

Cognitive strategies
Practicing
Repeating
Formally practicing with sounds and writing systems
Recognizing and using formulas and patterns
Recombining
Practicing naturalistically
Receiving and sending messages
Getting the idea quickly
Using resources for receiving and sending messages
Analyzing and reasoning
Reasoning deductively
Analyzing expressions
Analyzing contrastively (across languages)
Translating
Transferring
Creating structure for input and output
Taking notes
Summarizing
Highlighting
DIRECT STRATEGIES
Compensation strategies
Guessing intelligently
Using linguistic clues
Using other clues
Overcoming limitations in speaking and
writing
Switching to mother tongue
Getting help
Using mime or gesture
Avoiding communication partially or totally
Selecting the topic
Adjusting or approximating the message
Coining words
Using a circumlocution or synonym
INDIRECT STRATEGIES

Metacognitive strategies
Centering your learning
Overviewing and linking with already known material
Paying attention
Delaying speech production to focus on listening
Arranging and learning your learning
Finding out about language learning
Organizing
Setting goals and objectives
Identifying the purpose of a language task
(purposeful/listening/reading/speaking/writing)
Planning for a language task
Seeking practice opportunities
Evaluating your learning
Self-monitoring
Self-evaluating
INDIRECT STRATEGIES

Affective strategies
Lowering your anxiety
Using progressive relaxation, deep breathing, or
meditation
Using music
Using laughter
Encouraging yourself
Making positive statements
Taking risks wisely
Rewarding yourself
Taking your emotional temperature
Listening to your body
Using a checklist
Writing a language learning diary
Discussing your feelings with someone else
INDIRECT STRATEGIES
Social strategies
Asking questions
Asking for clarification or verification
Asking for correction
Cooperating with others
Cooperating with peers
Cooperating with proficient users of the new
language
Empathizing with others
Developing cultural understanding
Becoming aware of others thoughts and
feelings