CELL DIVISION

CELL CYCLE:
Cell cycle includes interphase
and cell division.


INTERPHASE

INTERPHASE:
Preparatory period for cell
division.


Consists of 3 stages:
a. G1(Gap1)stage
b. S(synthesis)stage
c.G2(Gap2)stages
G1(GAP1)
STAGE
It takes few hours to many years or even
absent.
Chromosomes become thin,elongated
and
visible.
Cells are metabollically active and
synthesize
structural protien,enzyme and organalles.
S(SYNTHESIS) STAGE

It takes 7 hours.
Replication of DNA.
Characteristic X shaped
configuration of chromosomes.
G2 (GAP2) STAGE:

It takes 5 hours.
Further thickening and condensation of
chromosomes.
Spindle appartus is synthesised in this
stage.
CELL DIVISION
Two types:
A.Direct
Amitosis
B.Indirect :
Mitosis
Meiosis
MITOSIS
SITE:
All somatic cell.
Initial stages of germ cell.
STAGES:
Prophase
Prometaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
PROPHASE

Chromosomes become shorten and
thicken.
Chromosome splits into 2 chromatids
which are attached to centromere.
Centriole separate and go to the
opposite pole.
Microtubules form central spindle and
asters.
Fig. of PROPHASE
PROMETAPHASE



It is late
prophase.
Disappearance
of nucleoli.
Nuclear
membrane
disitegrate.
Fig. of PROMETAPHASE
METAPHASE



Chromosomes are
allinged on
equatorial.

Chromosomes
attached with
central spindle.
Fig. of METAPHASE
IMPORTANCE OF
METAPHASE



In karyotyping studies,Colchicine
arrest the cell division at metaphase
stage,because it prevents the
formation of microtubules of the
spindle.











ANAPHASE












Longitudinal splitting of centromere.
New chromosome arranged
transversely.
Each new chromosome move to the
pole.
Appearance of cleavage furrow.
Fig. of ANAPHASE
TELOPHASE


Lengthening of new chromosomes.
Reappearance of nuclear membrane
around new chromosome.
Nucleoli and centriole reappear.
Cytoplasm divides and two identical
daughter cells of equal size are
formed.
Each contain 46 chromosomes.
Fig. of TELOPHASE
PURPOSE OF MITOSIS


Increase the number of cell.

MEIOSIS


SITE:
Mature germ cells
PURPOSE:
a.parent cell gives rise to 4 daughter cell
b.Each germ cell contain a haploid
number of chromosome
c.Exchange of genetic material
MEIOSIS

STAGES
2 stages
Meiosis I - reduction division
Meiosis II equational division
Stages of Meiosis I
Prophase I
# Leptotene # Zygotene
# Pachytene # Diplotene
# Diakinesis
Metapahse I
Anaphase I
Telophase I






Prophase I (Leptotene)

Long complex phase differing considerably from
mitotic prophase

Leptotene
Chromosome at first thin, begin to shorten and thicker
Chromosome become visible and thread like
Show characteristics beads throughout their length




Prophase I (Zygotene & Pachytene)
Zygotene
Shortening, thickening of chromosome continues
Chromosome form homologous pair
Synapsis conjugation pairing occurred

Pachytene
Spiralized, shortening and thickening of chromosome
Tetrad formation, chiasmata formation
Crossing over






Prophase I (Zygotene & Pachytene)






Prophase I (Diplotene)
Crossing over obvious in this stage due to separation of
fusion point
more fusion points more exchange of genetic material
At this stage primary oocyte become diplotene by 5
th

month in utero and remain in this state until the period of
ovulation

Prophase I (Diakinesis)
The remaining chiasmata finally breakdown and the
chromosome still remain in bivalent, become shorter and
thicker
The bivalent pairs move away from each other
Disappearance of nucleoli and nuclear envelope
Spindle and aster formation as like mitosis
Marked by dissolution of nuclear envelope and movement
of bivalent chromosome towards equatorial plate




Metaphase I & Anaphase I
Metaphase I
Homologous bivalent chromosome align in the equator
plane of the spindle microtubules

Anaphase I
The centromere do not split
The paired chromatid separating to move towards the
poles of the spindle
Cleavage furrow



Metaphase I & Anaphase I



Telophase I
Chromosome now reduced to haploid number
Formation of two daughter cell which contain
haploid number of chromosome




MEIOSIS II



This commences after only a short
interval of meiosis1.This second meiotic
division is more like a mitosis,but unlike
mitosis,the separating chromatids are
dissimilar genetically.
Each of the daughter cell of the first
meiotic division enters straight in
Metaphase2.


METAPHASE II


Chromosomes
allign in the new
equatorial planes
of the spindle.
ANAPHASE II


Centromeres
divide.
Chromatids
separate
New chromosomes
form and migrate to
the opposite poles
of the spindle.

TELOPHASE II

Chromosomes
reextend
Nuclear envelop
reappear.
Nucleoli reappear.
Beginning of
membranous vescicle
.


Cytoplasm divides.
Four gametes are
formed from the
two cells of first
meiotic division.
Each contain
haploid number of
chromosomes.