3rd Quarter Notes

What is an athletic injury?

A damage to the musculoskeletal
structures brought about by forces
(i.e. acute or repetitive) during
athletic performance.
 Compression

Forces that act along the long

axis of a structure which
produces a crushing effect.
 Tension

A pulling force that acts along

the long axis of the structure
which stretches the tissue.
 Shear

Forces that act at opposite

directions at different points
causing one part of the structure
to move away from another part
of the structure.
1. Acute Injury
Injury with a sudden onset brought
about by large forces
2. Overuse Injury
Injury that developed over time as
a result of repetitive microtrauma
Fractures
Disruption in the continuity of a bone
Type of fracture depends on mechanical load
and bone maturity
Several types of fractures include . . .
1.Simple
2.Compound
3.Greenstick
4.Comminuted
5.Spiral
Signs and Symptoms

Signs Symptoms
1. Deformity 1. Pain
2. Weakness 2. Grating sensation
3. Bruise
4. Swelling
5. Positive X-ray
Evaluation

Palpation – deformity, tenderness, indentation

Percussion – pain during tapping
Compression – distal to proximal
Distraction – apply traction
Treatment

Cast? Internal Fixation? External Fixation?

Dislocations
Bone is pushed out of the joint capsule
Signs and symptoms are similar to fracture

Treat like fracture!!!

Immobilization

Anatomical – fingers
Rigid - wood
Soft - bandage
Guidelines for Splinting
• Support the injured area above and below
the site of the injury, including the joints.

• If possible, splint the injury in the position

that you find it.

• Don’t try to realign bones or joints unless . . .

• Before and after splinting, check for proper

circulation (warmth, feeling, and color).

• Immobilize above and below the injury.

 Triangle and Cravat Bandages
• Cotton cloth that can be substituted if
roller bandages not available
• First aid device, due to ease and speed of
application
• Primarily used for arm slings
– Cervical arm sling
– Shoulder arm sling
– Sling and swathe
 SPRAINS vs. STRAINS
NOT INTERCHANGEABLE!!

Both injuries are caused by abnormally

high tensile forces which tears the tissue
but damaged tissues are different . . .

Which is Which?!?
SPRAINS vs. STRAINS
• Shoulders • Lower Back
• Elbow • Hamstrings
• Wrist • Gastrocnemius
• Knee
• Ankle
 SPRAINS vs. STRAINS

1st Degree (Mild) No loss of function

2nd Degree (Moderate) Unstable / Weak
3rd Degree (Severe) Loss of function

Dependent on the number of

torn fibers . . .
 Control Inflammation

What is inflammation? Is it bad?

P – protect
R – rest
I – ice
C – compression
E – elevation
 Elastic Bandage Application
• Hold bandage in preferred hand with loose
end extending from bottom of roll
• Back surface of loose end should lay on
skin surface
• Pressure and tension should be
standardized
• Anchor at the distal end
 Elastic Bandage Application
• Body part should be wrapped in
position of maximum circumference
• More turns with moderate tension
• Each turn should overlap by half to
prevent separation
• Circulation should be monitored when
limbs are wrapped
 The Skin

• Epidermis
• Dermis
• Hypodermis

Function?!?
 Common Emergencies
Wounds
Break in the skin and
underlying tissues
• Open
• Closed
Burns
Injury caused by heat, cold,
chemical, electricity, etc.
 Common Emergencies
Bites
Wound caused by
teeth or mouth
Stings
Small puncture
wounds with
chemical injected
 Wounds and Bleeding
Types of Wounds

• Incision Clean, sharp edge

• Laceration Irregular, tearing
• Abrasion Friction, scrape
• Puncture Pointed object
• Avulsion Partially ripped
 !DANGER!
• Hemorrhage
– 1 glass (250cc) – normal
– 2 to 3 glasses – casualty becomes anemic and
predisposes to infection
– 4 to 6 glasses – fatal
• Infection – gangrene may develop, amputation
may be necessary
• Shock – circulation is compromised and may lead
to death
 Kinds of Bleeding

• Capillary bleeding –
oozing flow of blood
• Venous bleeding – even
flow of blood, dull color
• Arterial bleeding –
irregular spurting of
blood, bright red color
 Wounds and Bleeding
Proper Care
• Protect self • Prevent shock
• Control bleeding a. raise legs
a. direct pressure** b. prevent heat loss
b. elevation • Irrigate wound
c. pressure points • Change dressing
regularly
• Use sterile dressing
SUTURES are
needed for deep cuts
as well as cuts more
than an inch long.

Interrupted or
Subcuticular?
 Burns
Classifications According to DEPTH
• 1st degree redness, epidermis
• 2nd degree blisters, dermis
• 3rd degree charred, subcutaneous

Determine the depth!!

What are the causes?

 Burn Severity
Determine extent of burned area!!

Remember the Rule of Nines

Adult Child
Anatomic structure Surface area Anatomic structure Surface area
Head 9% Head 18%

Anterior Torso 18% Anterior Torso 18%

Posterior Torso 18% Posterior Torso 18%

Each Leg 18% Each Leg 14%

Each Arm 9% Each Arm 9%

Perineum 1% Perineum 1%
 Burn Severity
Determine location of burned area!!

• Face
• Hands and Feet
• Genital Area
• Joint Area
 Burn Severity
Look for complicating factors!!

• Below 5 years old (fluid loss)

• Above 55 years old (delayed healing)
• Diabetes (delayed healing)
• CVD (hypoperfusion)
 BURN SEVERITY CLASSIFICATION
CRITICAL
• 3rd degree burn involving hands, feet, face, or genitals
• 3rd degree burns covering more than 10%
• 2nd degree burns covering more than 20%
• burns encompassing a body part

MODERATE
• 3rd degree burns covering 2%-10%
• 2nd degree burns covering 20%-30%
• 1st degree burns greater than 50%
 FIRST AID
• Stop the burning process (HOW?)
• Remove clothing / jewelry
• Transport if critical / moderate
• Do not drain the blisters
• Take analgesic
• Cover with “burn sheet”