Mrs.

Zubda Atta
Drugs:
Any substance taken into the body that modifies or affects
chemical reactions in the body.
Orally, by injection, applied as cream or inhaled
Medicinal drugs:
Antibiotics treat bacterial infections
Anaesthetics cause numbness or loss of sensation; body unable
to feel pain
Analgesics relieve pain without causing numbness of affecting
consciousness; do not cure disease; aspirin
Types of drugs and their mode of
action:
Antibiotics:
A chemical substance derivable from a mold or bacterium that can kill
microorganisms and cure bacterial infections.
Alexander Fleming 1928 penicillin; penicillium notatum
Some act by disrupting the production of cell wall and so prevent reproduction
or even cause them to burst open; some interfere with protein synthesis thus
arrest bacterial growth.
Animal cells do not have cell walls and structures involved in protein synthesis
are different do not damage human cell
Viruses have no cell walls so are unharmed
Some bacteria may evolve to become resistant to a particular antibiotic
selection pressure
Drug abuse misuse of drugs:
It is taking of drugs excessively, or not under a doctors prescription
Drug abuse can cause:
Tolerance you have to keep taking more and more of a drug to
achieve the same effect as experienced initially
Addiction or dependence if a person does not take the drug
they experience withsrawl symptoms. They become:
physically ill (nausea, vomiting etc.)
mentally disturbed (acute anxiety, depression etc.)
Heroin addictive depressant:
Opium from opium poppies contain chemicals morphine and codeine are
used in medicine for pain relief
Heroin is made from morphine also medicine but addictive
Also depressant slows down many functions of brain reduces pain and
slows down breathing; slows down function of hypothalamus
Gives a feeling of euphoria intense happiness; quick addiction
As body becomes tolerant they increase dosage to avoid withdrawal symptoms
and accidental overdoses result in deaths.
As a result person is unable to be a part of normal society, unable to hold
down a job leading to crime, unable to support family.
Taken by injecting in veins AIDS
Cure will power, rehabilitation centers

Immediate effects: dulls the senses, gives sense of well being, reduces hunger,
relieves tension, make drowsy
Long term effects: brain damage, lung damage, serious weight loss, withdrawal
symptoms
Withdrawal symptoms may include anxiety, sweating, vomiting, diarrhea,
convulsions, hallucinations, in severe cases death

Alcohol:
Ethanol found in alcoholic drinks powerful drug
Make people relaxed, release their inhibitions, reduces tension, making it easier
for them to enjoy and mix and interact with other people
Quickly absorbed into blood through wall of stomach broken down by liver
about 10 cm
3
an hour so rest circulates in blood
Depressant even small amounts slow down actions of parts of brain so
lengthens the time you take to respond to a stimulus road accidents
Many countries have legal limits on blood alcohol level when you drive.
In some people it increases aggression and release their inhibitions causing
them to be violent and to commit crimes
Research shows 50 % of home violence is alcohol related and 60 % criminal
behavior.
It is a poison large intakes can result in unconsciousness, coma and even
death
Sometimes death is caused by vomiting when unconscious suffocation from
vomit blocking the airways
Alcoholism a person cannot manage without alcohol factors may include
genes, personality and amount of stress
Long term affects:
Alcohol is poisonous to cells liver damage cirrhosis (fibres grow in liver)
Also damage brain loss of memory, confusion
One way of damage is alcohol in body fluids draws water out of body cells;
if brain cells shrink they are irreversibly damaged
Osmotic effect is made worse as alcohol inhibits release of hormone that
stops kidneys from allowing too much water to leave the body in urine
hence low levels of water in blood


Smoking:
Dangerous to both smokers and non smokers passive smoking
Nicotine:
Stimulant affects brain makes a person more alert
Then relaxes the muscles and later dulls the brain and senses
Addictive
Make blood vessels get narrower increasing blood pressure leading to
hypertension. This increases risk of developing heart disease also because it
causes release of adrenaline that increases heart beat and blood pressure.
It makes blood clot easily heart attack or brain stroke

Tar:
Brown sticky substance that collects in lungs
Contains many chemicals some are carcinogens affect behavior of some
cells in respiratory passage and lungs causing them to divide uncontrollably
tumor malignant than cancer
Cells may break away from tumors and spread to other body parts
All types of cancers are more common in smokers than in non smokers
It affects mucus membranes the person coughs to clear the vessels

Carbon monoxide:
Poisonous gas diffuses from the lungs into blood and combines with
haemoglobin.
Less oxygen can be carried and so body cells are deprived of oxygen
Mother smokes, baby gets all harmful chemicals in blood that prevent it
from growing properly.
It damages the lining of blood vessels and increase the tendency of blood to
clot
It also increases the rate at which fatty substances are deposited on inner
walls of arteries causing lumen to become narrow (atherosclerosis)


Smoke particles:
Little particles of carbon and other materials that get trapped inside lungs
WBC try to remove them and secrete chemicals that instead do serious
damage to lungs
The irritants in smoke stop the cilia from beating and weaken the walls of
alveoli
The irritate the cells lining the air passages causing production of mucus that
causes smokers cough. The coughing bursts the walls of alveoli
Eventually gas exchange surfaces in lungs are reduced leading to emphysema
Difficult to get enough oxygen to blood no energy