Developing information system solution

system development life cycle

1. Investigation
2. Analysis
3. Design
4. Coding
5. Testing
6. Implementation
7. Maintenance
System Investigation
Product:Feasibility study
System Analysis
Product:Functional Requirements
System Maintenance
Product:Improved System

System Implementation
Product:Operational System

System Design
Product:System Specification
System development life cycle
Understand the
Business Problem or
opportunity
Develop an
Information System
Solution
Implement the
Information System
solution

Determine whether a business problem or
opportunity exists
Conduct a feasibility study to determine whether a
new or improved information system is a feasible
solution
Develop a project management approval
Analyze the information needs of end users,the
organizational environment and any system
presently used
Develop the functional requirements of a system
that can meet the needs of end users
Develop specifications for the
hardware,software,people,network, and data
resources, and the information products that will
satisfy the functional requirements of the Proposed
system
Acquire(or develop)hardware and software.
Test the system and train people to operate and
use it.
Convert to the new system.
Use a post implementation review process to
monitor, evaluate,and modify the system as needed

SYSTEM INVESTIGATION

Determine whether a business problem or
opportunity exists
Conduct a feasibility study to determine
whether a new or improved information
system is a feasible solution
Develop a project management approval

SYSTEM ANALYSIS
Analyze the information needs of end
users,the organizational environment
and any system presently used
Develop the functional requirements
of a system that can meet the needs
of end users

SYSTEM DESIGN
Develop specifications for the
hardware,software,people,networ
k, and data resources, and the
information products that will
satisfy the functional
requirements of the Proposed
system

System Implementation
Acquire(or develop)hardware and
software.
Test the system and train people
to operate and use it.
Convert to the new system.

SYSTEM MAINTENANCE
Use a post implementation
review process to monitor,
evaluate,and modify the
system as needed


Feasibility Study

A feasibility study is a preliminary study
which investigates the information needs
of prospective users and determines the
resource requirements,costs,benefits and
feasibility of a proposed system.
The goals of feasibility studies is to
evaluate alternative systems and to
propose the most feasible and desirable
systems for development
Way to gather information for
system development
Interviews with employees,customers,and
managers
Questionnaires to appropriate users in the
organization
Personal observation ,videotaping,or
involvement in end user work activities.
Examination of
documents,reports,procedures
mannuals,and other documentation


Types of Feasibility study

Organizational Feasibility
Technical Feasibility
Economic Feasibilty
Operational Feasibility
Organizational Feasibility

How well the proposed
system supports the
strategic objectives of
the organisation
Technical Feasibility

To study the capability,reliability,and
availability of of hardware,software,and
network
Economic Feasibility

Costs Savings
Increased revenue
Decreased investment
Increased profits

Operational feasibility

End user Acceptance
Management support
Customer,supplier, and government
requirements
Cost/Benefit Analysis
Feasibility studies typically involves
cost/benefit analysis
Tangible cost & intangible cost
Tangible benefits & Intangible Benefits
Tangible cost

The costs and benefits which could be
quantified is called tangible.
Examples are
Cost of H/W, S/W, salaries and other
expenses that can be quantified.
Intangible Costs

The events/transaction etc which can not
be quantified .
Examples
Customer goodwill
Employee morale
Attitude
Tangible Benefits and Intangible
Benefits
Tangible benefits are favorable results,
such as the decreased in payroll costs
caused by a reduction in Personnel or a
decrease in inventory carrying costs
caused by a reduction in inventory.
Intangible benefits arte harder to
estimate.Such benefits as better customer
service or faster and more accurate
information for management fall into this
category
Examples of Tangible/ Intangible Benefits
Tangible benefits
Increase in sales or
profits
Decrease in
information
processing costs
Decrease in
operating cost
Decrease in
required investment
Increased
operational ability
and efficiency
Examples
Development of
computer_based products
and services.
Elimination of unnecessary
procedures and documents
Reduction in inventory
carrying costs.
Decrease in inventory
investment required
Improvement in production
ability and efficiency for
example,less
spoilage,waste,and idle
time.
Intangible Benefits
New or improved
information availability
Improved abilities in
computation and
analysis
Improved customer
service
Improved management
decision making
Improved competitive
position
Improved business and
community image
Example
More timely and accurate
information and new types of
information
Analytical modeling
More timely service
response
Elimination of burdensome
boring job tasks
Better information and
decision analysis
Systems which lock in
customers and suppliers
Progressive image as
perceived by
customers,suppliers and
investors
System Analysis
It is an in-depth study of end user information
needs that produces functional requirements
that are used as the basis for the design of a
new information system
It is a detailed study of:
The information needs of the organization and
end users
The activities,resources,and procedures of any
present information systems
The information system capabilities required to
meet your information needs,and those of
other end users.

Activities associated in System
Analysis
Organizational Analysis
Analysis of the Present System
Functional Requirements Analysis

Organizational Analysis

It is the first step in system analysis.
Before developing the new system the
developer have to know about the
organization like its management
structure,its people,its business
activities,the environmental systems and
its current information systems.
Analysis of the present system
Before designing a new system,it is important to
study the existing system which has to be
replace
It is needed to analyze how this system uses
hardware,software,network,and other resources
to convert data resources,such as transactions
data,into information products,like reports and
displays.
After that the developer can find out the
input,processing,output,storage and control for
the proposed system.
Functional Requirements
Analysis
Functional requirements specify
information system capabilities required to
meet the information needs of users.
The key areas where the functional
requirements should be developed are
User interface requirements
Processing requirements
Storage requirements
Control requirements

Types of Functional
Requirements

User interface
requirements:The
input /output needs of
end users that must
be supported by
information
system,including
sources,formats,conte
nt,volume,and
frequency of each
type of input and
output

Processing
requirements:Activitie
s required to convert
input to output.Includes
calculations,decision
rules,and other
processing
operations,and
capacity,throughput,turna
round time,and response
time needed for
processing activities.
Types of Functional
Requirements
Storage
Requirements
Organization,content
size of databases ,
types and frequency
of updating and
inquires, and the
length and rationale
for record retention.
Control
requirements
Accuracy,validity,
safety,security,and
adaptability
requirements for
system
input,processing,outp
ut,and
storage functions.

System Design
This phase starts after the system analysis
phase is over
In other word the output of the system analysis
phase,is the input for the design phase
Data requirements are worked out on the basis
of user requirement estimates.
The identification of data requirements includes
identifying data sources,the nature and type of
data that are available and data gaps if any.
Objectives of Design

1. Practicality user-friendly
2. Flexibility the system must be responsive
3. Efficiency
* Through put
* Response Time
* Run Time
4. Security-This aspect relates to H/W
reliability,physical security of data and the
detection and prevention of fraud and abuse
of data.



Stages in system design

It consists of three activities:
1. User Interface
Keep it simple
Keep it clean
Organize logically
2. Data Design

3. Process Design
Problems in System Design
Problem of scale
Problem of quality
Problem of productivity
Problem of Cost
Problem of scheduling
Problem of consistency
Coding
In this phase, the modules designed in the s/w
design phase are implemented using a
programming language.
The purpose of this phase is to implement the
modules in an optimized manner.
It should be simple to read and understand.
An optimized code reduces the testing and
maintenance effort.
The output of this phase is to satisfies the
information requirements.
Testing
Unit testing: It involves testing of different
components of the information system to
ensure whether or not the components are
functioning correctly
Module testing: To ensure whether or not
the modules are functioning properly.
Subsystem Testing
System Testing
Acceptance testing
Implementation
Implementation
Activites
Acquisition
Of H/W
S/W
And
Services
Software
Development
Or modification

End User
Training
System
Documentation
Conversion
Parallel
Pilot
Phased

Training
Possible training source
Vendors
System analysts
External paid trainer
In-house trainers
Guidelines for training
Establishing measurable objectives
Using appropriate training methods
Selecting suitable training locations
Employing understandable training
materials
Objectives of a training programme
To enhance communication among the
members of the development team
To provide knowledge about the new
system
To increase user awareness
To obtain support for the new system from
the top management

Conversion
Direct changeover
Parallel changeover
Modular changeover
Phased wise changeover

Maintenance
The processes of monitoring, evaluating,
and modifying the existing information
systems to make the required or desirable
improvements is known as system
maintenance.
It is an on going activity. It covers a variety
of activities including removal programs,
design errors, updating documentation,
new improved programs implementation
etc.
Types of Maintenance
Corrective Maintenance
Adaptive Maintenance
Perfective Maintenance
Evaluation
The utilities that are used to evaluate the
system
Possession utility
Form utility
Place utility
Time utility
Goal utility