SDOF and MDOF

Presented by
Ajay Partap
Singh
OUTLINE -
1- DOF
2- DAMPING
3- SDOF
4- MDOF
Degrees of Freedom

Degrees of Freedom
(DOF)
Number of
Independent
Co-ordinates
required to define the
displaced position of
all the masses relative
to their all positions
are defined as degrees
of freedom.

EXAMPLES
RIGID
BODY
An unconstrained rigid
body in space has Six
Degrees of
Freedom: three
translational and three
rotational.


DEGREE OF
FREEDOM




SDOF
SINGLE DEGREE OF FREEDOM
DAMPING
Damper System-







Damping represents loss of energy.

SDOF
The simplest vibratory system can be described by a single mass connected to a
spring (and possibly a dashpot). The mass is allowed to travel only along the spring
elongation direction. Such systems are called Single Degree-of-Freedom (SDOF)
systems and are shown in the following figure,





EQUATION OF MOTION FOR SDOF





f(t) kx x c x m
SDOF vibration can be analyzed by Newton's second law of motion, F = m*a.
UNDAMPED SDOF





If there is no resistance or damping in the system, , the oscillatory motion will
continue forever with a constant amplitude. Such a system is termed Undamped
f(t) kx x m

SOLUTION OF UNDAMPED SDOF







Natural Frequency =

As Natural Frequency depends only on the system mass and the spring
stiffness (i.e. any damping will not change the natural frequency of a
system
Solution also express as, where,
A- Amplitude
-Phase
SAMPLE TIME BEHAVIOR





The displacement plot of an Undamped system would appear as -
An assumption of zero damping is typically not accurate. In reality, there
almost always exists some resistance in vibratory systems. This resistance
will damp the vibration and dissipate energy; the oscillatory motion
caused by the initial disturbance will eventually be reduced to zero.
DAMPED SDOF





SDOF vibration can be analyzed by Newton's second law of motion, F = m*a.
f(t) kx x c x m
SOLUTION OF DAMPED SDOF


The characteristic equation for this problem is,


which determines the 2 independent roots for the
equation fall into one of the following 3 cases:-


< 0
=0
> 0
underdamped
critically-damped
overdamped
DAMPED, UNDAMPED ,CRITICALLY
DAMPED SYSTEM


underdamped critically-damped overdamped
TERMS
To simplify the solutions coming up, we define the critical damping c
c
, the damping ratio z, and
the damped vibration frequency w
d
as
Critical damping
Damping ratio
Damped vibration frequency
Natural Frequency
Note that wd will equal wn when the damping of the system is
zero (i.e. Undamped).
The damping ratio is a dimensionless measure describing
how oscillations in a system decay after a disturbance
UNDERDAMPED SYSTEM
< 0
The system oscillates (at reduced frequency compared to
the Undamped case) with the amplitude gradually
decreasing to zero
Note that the displacement amplitude
decays exponentially.
CRITICALLY-DAMPED SYSTEM
= 0
The system returns to equilibrium as quickly as possible
without oscillating E.g.-The recoil mechanisms in most guns
are also critically damped so that they return to their original
position, after the recoil due to firing, in the least possible
time.
The displacement decays to a negligible
level after one natural period, T
n

The displacement solution-
OVERDAMPED SYSTEM
> 0
The system returns (exponentially decays) to equilibrium
without oscillating.
The motion of an over damped system
is non-periodic, regardless of the initial
conditions. The larger the damping, the
longer the time to decay from an initial
disturbance.
The displacement solution-
MDOF
A Multi Degree of freedom system, as the name suggests, is one that requires two or
more independent coordinates to describe its motion.





MDOF





HOW TO SOLVE MDOF
Consider the 3 degree-of-freedom system,




To fully characterize
the system we must know
the positions of the three masses (x
1
, x
2
, and x
3
).
MDOF






In matrix form the equations become,
Then Solve by Matrix Methods
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