A house provides a structure and context for a home; a

framework provides a structure and context for the

research.
Framework
A framework is a model of how one theorizes or
makes logical sense of the relationships among
several factors that have been identified as important
to the problem (Sekaran, 2001).
A framework is simply the structure of the research
idea or concept and how it is put together.
Framework
Framework is a compilation of organized
concepts or ideas. It guides the research to
determine what thing will be measured and
what statistical relationship will be looked for.

A framework establishes boundaries of research:
what to look for and what not.

A study framework

- organizes the different
variables of the study into
independent and dependent, and
guides the researcher in
tabulating, analyzing, and
interpreting the data
A good framework:

- shows the order of relationships of
the variables found in the objectives

- takes into consideration related
literature on the key variables


Variables and Indicators/
Measures
Variables
are concepts to be investigated
the basic elements that are measured in a study
observable or measurable characteristics of
persons or objects that are capable of taking several
values or of being expressed in different categories
A variable is the thing that youre interested in
studyinglike depression or gender or levels of
emotionality (how emotional someone is) or different
types of food!


To conceptualize a variable means to get
clear about what you mean by the variable.
For example, for the variable food type, (1)
vegetarian or meat, OR
(2) breakfast, lunch or dinner foods, OR
(3) Chinese, Thai or American foods, OR (4)
something else
Depression, gender, level of emotionality, hair type, food
type, etc. are called variables because they vary.

Some people are more depressed than others
Some people are men, and others are women
Some people are less emotional than others
Some people have straight other have curly hairs
Food types can range from pizza to hamburgers to
pasta, or might be Thai, Chinese, European, or
American cuisine, etc.
Other Examples of Variables
Yield
Environmental attitude
Occupational health
Occupational safety
Employee satisfaction
Firms productivity
Work values
Organizational commitment
Entrepreneurial success
Labor mobility


Indicators
units of measurement that are used to
observe or measure the different variables;
also useful for defining variables operationally

Variables and Indicators
Population
Nutrition
Shelter and Urban Development
Research and Development
Poverty
Governance
Others Variables
Common Framework Components
Dependent variable/primary
characteristic
Variables of influence or
characteristics of influence
Intervening, Moderating and
Extraneous variables or characteristics

Framework Components
Relationships (anticipated and
predicted [including direction] from the
theory (ies), review of literature, logic,
and/or experience(s)) among and
between variables and/or
characteristics

Relationship Among Five Types of
Variables
Variables of
Influence
Moderator
Variables
Intervening
Variables
Dependent
Variables
Extraneous
Variables
Independent Variables Dependent Variables
This slide is courtesy of Rama Radhadrishna, The Pennsylvania State University
Dependent Variable
a variable measured in a study.
presumed effect or change in the variable

In other words, the researcher is
hypothesizing that the independent variable
causes the dependent variable and is doing
the experiment to test this hypothesis.


Independent Variable
the variable that the researcher thinks is the CAUSE
of some other variables (i.e., the hypothesized
cause).

presumed cause of any effect or change in the
variable

a variable in an experiment that is manipulated by the
researcher. Its value is not determined by the subject,
but by the researcher in order to determine if it is a
potential cause of the DV.
Variables
Independent Dependent
Cause Effect
Inputs Output
Stimulus Response
Action Reaction
Leading Factors Lagging factor

Intervening Variables
presumed in-between factor found working
in between the independent and the
dependent variables; also termed as
facilitating factor or contaminating factor that
could increase or decrease the effect of the
independent variables

Intervening Variables
Intervening variables are hypothetical internal states
that are used to explain relationships between
observed variables, such as independent and
dependent variables.
learning, memory, motivation, attitude,
personality, traits, knowledge, understanding,
thinking, expectation, intelligence, intention.
EXAMPLES:
An intervening variable is one that surfaces between
the time the independent variables start operating to
influence the dependent variable and the time their
impact is felt on it ( temporal quality or time
dimension).
The intervening variable surfaces as a function of the
independent variables opening in any situation and
helps to conceptualize and explain the influence of
the independent variable on the dependent variable.
Extraneous Variable

variables other than the independent variable that
may bear any effect on the behavior of the subject
being studied.

any variable other than the independent variable that
could cause a change in the dependent variable.
Basic Types of Extraneous
Variables:

Participant Variables: These extraneous
variables are related to individual
characteristics of each participant that may
impact how he or she responds.

Situational Variables: These extraneous
variables are related to things in the
environment that may impact how each
participant responds.


Examples:
Y = classroom performance (outcome variable is grades)
X = prior work experience/work history

Other variables (extraneous): study skills, age, family
history, education of parents or partner, interest in the
class topic, or even time of day, preference for the
instructors teaching style or personality.
Intervening variables: motivation, tiredness, boredom,
Moderating Variables
Moderating Variables modify or affect the
cause and effect relationship. It could be
qualitative (gender, race, class) or
quantitative (level of rewards or comfort). It
changes the direction or strength of
correlation between Independent and
Dependent Variables.
Moderating Variable
Variable that has a strong contingent effect on the
independent variable and dependent variable
relationship. That is, the presence of a third variable
modifies the original relationship between the
independent and the dependent variables.
Example: It has been found that there is a relationship
between the availability of reference manuals that
manufacturing employees have access to and the
product rejects. That is when workers follow the
procedures laid down in the manual, they are able to
manufacture products that are flawless.
Moderating Variables
In statistics, moderation occurs when the relationship
between two variables depends on a third variable.
The third variable is referred to as the moderator
variable or simply the moderator. The effect of a
moderating variable is characterized statistically as an
interaction.
Thus, for a response Y and two variables x
1
and
moderating variable x
2
,:
Y = b
0
+ b
1
X
1
+ b
2
X
2
+ b
3
(X
1
x X
2
) +
Impact of Sleep Deprivation on
Test Performance

Dependent Variable Test Performance
Independent Variable Sleep Deprivation
Intervening/Extraneous Variables- age, gender, academic
background
Participant variables - background differences, mood, anxiety,
intelligence, awareness and other characteristics that are
unique to each person.
Situational variables - if a participant is taking a test in a chilly
room, the temperature would be considered an extraneous
variable. Some participants may not be affected by the cold,
but others might be distracted or annoyed by the
temperature of the room.

Delineate among:
Theoretical Framework
Conceptual Framework
Operational Framework
Theories are constructed in order to explain,
predict and master phenomena (e.g.
relationships, events, or the behavior). In
many instances we are constructing models
of reality.
A theory makes generalizations about
observations and consists of an interrelated,
coherent set of ideas and models.
Theory
Role of Theory in Research
Quantitative: Theory guides research;
research leads to theory
Researcher begins with a theory
Researcher posits hypotheses that should be true if theory is
correct
Using the theory, the researcher identifies variables that
could be used to test the theory.
Researcher designs a study using the identified variables
that controls for other variables and that will test the theory.
Researcher collects data, analyzes it using inferential
statistics, and draws conclusions that relate the results of the
study back to the underlying theory.

Types of Framework

Theoretical Framework

- section which discusses the theories propounded
by experts or specialists in a particular field of study
and by authors from which the research problem
was derived or to which it is linked which in turn will
be the bases of the hypotheses

Theoretical Framework

it identifies the relevant theories and principles from
the existing literature which can serve as the
theoretical underpinning of the study

it discusses the theories linking the topic to the
available body of knowledge; usually specifies the
relationships between and among variables


Theoretical Framework
it helps to see clearly the variables that you should
measure and provides a general structure that will
guide the researcher in data analysis

a model of how one theorizes or makes logical
sense of the relationships among several factors
that have been identified as important to the
problem
Theoretical Framework
When writing a theoretical framework, it is important to
mention the theory that will be used by:
- giving the assumptions;
- defining some terms/concept;
- identifying variables, and
- stating the relationship of variables or expounding on
the hypotheses.
Theoretical framework is used to limit the scope of
the relevant data by focusing on specific variables
and specifying the specific frame or viewpoint that the
researcher will take in analysis, and interpreting the
data that will be gathered, understanding concepts
and variable according to the given definitions, and
building knowledge by validating the theory.

It helps when the variables and proposed
relationship are illustrated by drawing a chart.


After formulating the theoretical framework, the
researcher has to develop the conceptual framework
of the study.
A concept is an image or symbolic representation of
an abstract idea. Chinn and Kramer (1999) define a
concept as a complex mental formulation of
experience.
While the theoretical framework is the theory on
which the study is based, the conceptual framework
is the operationalization of the theory.
Concept
What is a conceptual framework?
A written or visual presentation that:

explains either graphically, or in narrative form, the
main things to be studied the key factors, concepts
or variables -

and the presumed relationship among them.

(Miles & Huberman, 1994, P18)

Conceptual Framework
it presents the interrelationships of theories, principles,
and beliefs that are essential to the investigation of the
research problem

it consists of the investigators own position on a
problem after his exposure to various theories that have
bearing on the problem or it presents different
constructs the researcher wants to study

It is the researchers new model which has its roots on
the previous models the researcher has read




Conceptual Framework

It is based on the concepts or ideas of the person

making the study

it is an integrated set of ideas about how a
researcher will operate within the business
environment to be studied and how the evidence that
is gathered will be interpreted

a skeletal structure of justification which is based on
formal logic and/or experience



Where does the conceptual framework fit in -
quantitative?
Research problem:

Aims and objectives:

Literature review:

Conceptual framework:


Research questions:
Data collection and analysis:
Interpretation of the results:
Evaluation of the research:
The issue of theoretical or practical interest.

What we want to know and how the answer
may be built up.
A critical and evaluative review of the
thoughts and experiences of others.
Provides the structure/content for the whole
study based on literature and personal
experience
Specific questions that require answers.
Methodology, methods and analysis.
Making sense of the results.
Revisit conceptual framework.
Conceptual Framework
It should cover the following:

Existing research and its relevance for your topic
Key ideas or constructs in your approach
Identify and discuss the variables related to the
problem.
Conceptualized relationships between variables
Independent variables (presumed cause)
Dependent variables (presumed effect)
Intervening variables (other variables that influence
the effect of the independent variable)


The primary function of the conceptual framework
is to expound on the hypotheses relevant to the
research problem.
Hypotheses need to be testable and refutable.
Hypotheses are tentative assertions that are
subject to testing.

Conceptual Framework
This section may summarize the
major (dependent and
independent) variables in your
research. The framework may be
summarized in a schematic
diagram that presents the major
variables and their hypothesized
relationships
What specific forms might a conceptual
framework take?
The possibilities include:

Flow charts.

Tree diagrams.

Shape based diagrams triangles, concentric circles,
overlapping circles.

Mind maps.

Soft systems.

Research Questions
1. What is the demographic profile of the
participants?
2. What are the group formation factors in the
development of IPM farmers associations?
3. To what extent does knowledge acquisition
impact group formation?
4. What demographic characteristics are related
to group formation?
Demographics:

Ethnicity
Gender
Education
Land Holding

(Esman & Uphoff, 1984)
Group
Formation
(Shaw, 1981;
Tuckman & Jenson,
1977)
RQ 1
RQ 4
Factors:
Social Capital
Financial Capital
Human Capital
Natural Capital
(Bartlett, 2002; Scoones,
1998)
Knowledge
Acquisition
(Mathias, 1996)
RQ = Research
Questions 14
RQ 2
RQ 3

Independent variables Dependent Variable

Operational Framework

Operational Framework

it offers a functional and workable model in
undertaking the investigation

it is a doable representation of the
interrelationships of the variables in the
context of the entire research

Operational Framework
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:

O
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r
a
t
i
o
n
a
l

F
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k

Age
Age at the start of the business
Gender
Civil Status
Educational Attainment
Length of business existence
Management experience in years
Training and development
programs
Starting capital
Previous employment
HUMAN CAPITAL
Personal
Internal (Work-related)
CAPABILITY
DEVELOPMENT
OBJECTIVE
SUCCESS
SUBJECTIVE
SUCCESS
ENTREPRENEURIAL
SUCCESS
ENTREPRENEURIAL
COMPETENCIES
ACHIEVEMENT
opportunity seeking
persistence
commitment to work contract
risk taking
demand for quality and efficiency

PLANNING
goal setting
information seeking
systematic planning and monitoring

POWER
persuasion and networking
self confidence
Example of _____________ Framework
Location
Race
Attitude toward school
Smoking
Status of Youth
(smoker vs.
non-smoker)
After HS plans
GPA
Type of
Tobacco
The next 3 slides are courtesy of Rama Radhadrishna, The Pennsylvania State University
Conceptual
EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT
Political
Economic
Cultural
Technological

Conflict
INTERNAL SUBSYSTEMS

Goal
Structure
Process
Human-Social
Technology

Organizational
Effectiveness
Conceptual framework of conflict and conflict resolution
Conceptual framework of conflict and conflict resolution
(The Grievance Machinery and its Correlates in Unionized
Five-Star Hotels in Metro Manila)
EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT (GOVERNMENT)
INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
DEMOGRAPHIC-EMPLOYMENT
CHARACTERISTICS
Age
Sex
Civil Status
Educational Attainment
Gross Monthly Income
Length of Service in Hotel
Average Absences
Average Tardiness
Job Performance Rating
Number of Promotion
Union Involvement
WORK/JOB FACTORS
Schedule of Work
Work Description
Working Condition
ORGANIZATIONAL FACTORS
Size of Department
Style of Communication
Disciplinary Action
SOCIAL FACTORS


Operational framework of grievance machinery
DEPENDENT VARIABLES
GRIEVANCE FILING
Number of Grievances Filed
Type of Grievance Filed
GRIEVANCE RESOLUTION
Duration of Case Resolution
Outcome of Grievance




THANK YOU!