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BIOL1262- Diversity of Organisms

Metabolic and nutritional


diversity
of
microorganisms
Bacterial growth
Carbon and energy metabolism
All microbes need sources of energy and carbon

Source of energy
Chemical compounds (Chemotrophs)
Some microbes OXIDIZE organic compounds and some OXIDIZE
inorganic compounds

Light (Phototrophs)
Carry out oxygenic or anoxygenic photosynthesis

Source of carbon
Inorganic sources (Autotrophs)
Mainly carbon dioxide

Organic carbon (Heterotrophs)
Use preformed organic carbon

Carbon and energy metabolism
Organisms that use organic compounds for
energy and carbon (Chemoheterotrophs)
Utilize processes including glycolysis, TCA (Krebs)
cycle, cytochrome chain.

Organisms can be:
- Aerobic
- Anaerobic
- Facultative
- Microaerophilic (5-10%)
- Aerotolerant (
Carbon and energy metabolism
Organisms that use inorganic compounds for energy and
carbon (chemoautotrophic)












Calvin cycle is used for fixing carbon (just like plants)

These are
aerobes
Mechanism of ATP synthesis by
organism using NH3 as energy source
Carbon and energy metabolism
Microbes that carryout photosynthesis
Sulfur and non-sulfur photosynthetic bacteria
Very diverse group
One photosystem normally used
Bacteriochlorophyl-based
Mainly anaerobic
Anoxygenic (sulfur and hydrogen compounds and some
organic compounds serve as electron donors)
Cyanobacteria and algae
Just like plants
Chlorophyl-based
Aerobic
Oxygenic (water is electron donor
Photosynthesis in
cyanobacteria and algae
Photosynthes
is in green
sulfur
bacteria
Microbial nutrition
Modes of nutrition
Chemoautotrophic microbes (lithotrophs) are
referred to as rock eating
E.g. NH
3
and NO
2
oxidizing bacteria (nitrifying
bacteria) and sulfur oxidizing bacteria



Microbial nutrition
Modes of nutrition
Chemoheterotrophs The saphrophytes
Utlize dead or decaying organic matter for growth
requirements
These are the major decomposers of organic matter on
earth
Main degradative agents even for organisms killed by
pathogens







Microbial nutrition
Modes of nutrition- Chemoheterotrophic
interactions
Parasities -Endo or exoparasites

Mutualistic associations (obligatory relationship)

Symbiosis/Protocooperation
Non-obligatory beneficial associations

Commensals

Amensalism- product of one organism affects
another organism

Predation


Competition






Microbial nutrition
Modes of nutrition
ENDOPARASITES
EXOPARASITES
Microbial nutrition
Modes of nutrition: Symbiosis

Both partners benefit from partnership
when it would be beneficial from both

Symbiosis would not occur or not occur
properly if one partner already has
optimal growth conditions


Microbial nutrition
Modes of nutrition: Mutualism
One or both partners cannot carryout
important functions without the other
Microbial nutrition
Modes of nutrition: Commensalism
These benefit from host which
does not benefit nor is harmed by
the association
Microbial nutrition
Modes of nutrition: Amensalism
Evolution of eukaryotic nutrition
http://www.growingpassion.org/2010/04/evolution-of-chloroplasts-
endosymbiosis.html

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