Kerosene is one of the petroleum distillate .It is colorless fluid with charachteristic odour. It has low viscosity & low volatility ...low surface tension ..spread on respiratory mucosa The main route of kerosene toxicity is inhalation after ingestion (aspiration). Acute, oral exposures may occur from accidental or intentional ingestion. Inhalation or dermal absorption of kerosene may occur during occupational exposures (petrochemical and aviation sectors).It could be mixed with insecticides other chemicals which may be more toxic than kerosene itself. !ulmonary effects Pulmonary toxicity is the result of hydrocarbon aspiration. The lower the viscosity and higher the volatility the greater the ris! of pulmonary aspiration. The hydrophobic nature of hydrocarbons allows them to penetrate deep into the tracheobronchial tree producing inflammation and bronchospasm. The volatile chemical may displace alveolar oxygen leading to hypoxia. "irect contact with alveolar membranes can lead to hemorrhage hyperemia edema surfactant inactivation leu!ocyte infiltration and vascular thrombosis. The result is poor oxygen exchange atelectasis and pneumonitis. "espiratory symptoms generally begin in the first few hours after exposure and usually resolve in #$% days. &omplications include hypoxia, barotrauma due to mechanical ventilation, and adult respiratory distress syndrome (A"'(). !rolonged hypoxia may result in encephalopathy, sei)ures, and death. &linical effects of acute exposure
* The ma+or route of exposure is by
inhalation of li,uid (aspiration) * -erosene vapors is irritant to the respiratory system resulting in signs of pulmonary irritation chemical pneumonitis manifested by coughing and dyspnoea cyanosis, fever tachypnea, whee)es * Acute dermal exposure may result in local irritation, * Acute exposure to large amount of kerosene may result in &.( depressant effects including, drowsiness, convulsions, coma rarely convulsions (mall amount cause ..pulmonary effects/hypoxia..&.( affection indirectly &.( effects
&.( toxicity occasionally observed following kerosene ingestion appears to be indirect and secondary to pulmonary involvement with resulting hypoxia.
If large amount ingested direct &.( depression may occur. &ardiac effects
(evere arrhythmias are
a ma+or concern. 0tiologies include hypoxia, myocardial sensiti)ation to catecholamines . (udden death has been reported as a result of coronary vasospasm due to hydrocarbon inhalation. 1ocal irritation is the usual 2I manifestation of hydrocarbon ingestion. Abdominal pain and nausea are common complaints. 3omiting increases the likelihood of pulmonary aspiration. 2astrointestinal effects T#$%T&$'T (.$mergency measures ) %*+" care of coma &pulmonary oedema ,.$limination -..ymptomatic ttt ) corticosteroids antibiotics /prophylactic &for ttt of bronchopneumonia 0 1. prevention) $ducate the parents to !eep toxic substances out of reach of children safty closure of such products familiar containers should not be used for storage of such products Route of Exposure Symptoms First Aid Inhalation &onfusion. &ough. 'i))iness. 4eadache. (ore throat. 5nconsciousness . 6resh air rest. Artificial respiration if indicated. "efer for medical attention. Skin 'ermatitis, redness . "emove contaminated clothes. "inse and then wash skin with soap water . Eyes "edness. 6irst rinse with plenty of water for 78$9: minutes Ingestion 'iarrhea. .ausea. 3omiting. 'o .;T induce vomiting .in severe cases mixed toxicity do 21 < cuffed 0T Thank You