TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

TRANSFORMERS ARE EVERY WHERE :

RANGES FROM 3 kVa to 500 MVA
GENERALLY OF 2 TYPES :
A
B
C
a
b
c
According to the IEEE standard :
High side Leads low side by 30

For Simplified Connection .
TRANSFORMER MUST BE
PROTECTED AGAINST
INTERNAL FAULTS
THROUGH FAULTS
The Reasons For internal faults :

insulation failure which creates a short circuit path
between phases
or grounded
causing heavy fault current flowing can serious
damage to the winding and even burn the core itself .



What is the action ?
Transformer must be immediately switched out
of service


WHAT IS THROUGH FAULT ?
132 kV
Bus
132 kV
Bus
132 kV
Bus
132 kV
Bus
132 kV
Bus
132 kV
Bus
132 kV
Bus
132 kV
Bus
132 kV
Bus
132 kV
Bus
132 kV
Bus
132 kV
Bus
132 kV
Bus
132 kV
Bus
132 kV
Bus
How the protection are applied
in Through Fault ?


132 kV
Bus
CLEARED BY THE PROTECTIVE
SCHEME IN THE FEEDER
PROTECTION
If the fault is failed to clear
by the feeder protection
Then what happen ?
132 kV
Bus
Heavy fault
current in the
secondary
winding
132 kV
Bus
Heavy fault current flows
through the primary
corresponds to secondary
winding
THREE PHASE FAULT
THE PHASE FAULT
TWOPHASE FAULT
A
B
C
a
b
c
TWOPHASE FAULT
A
B
C
a
b
c
TWOPHASE FAULT
A
B
C
a
b
c
TWOPHASE FAULT
A
B
C
a
b
c
TWOPHASE FAULT
A
B
C
a
b
c
TWOPHASE FAULT
A
B
C
a
b
c
TWOPHASE FAULT
A
B
C
a
b
c
TWOPHASE FAULT
A
B
C
a
b
c
TWOPHASE FAULT
A
B
C
a
b
c
TWOPHASE FAULT
A
B
C
a
b
c
TWOPHASE FAULT
A
B
C
a
b
c
In addition to that the load current of
Phase A
is still supplying
PHASE TO GROUND
FAULT
A
B
C
a
b
c
PHASE TO GROUND
FAULT
A
B
C
a
b
c
PHASE TO GROUND
FAULT
A
B
C
a
b
c
PHASE TO GROUND
FAULT
A
B
C
a
b
c
PHASE TO GROUND
FAULT
A
B
C
a
b
c
PHASE TO GROUND
FAULT
A
B
C
a
b
c
PHASE TO GROUND
FAULT
A
B
C
a
b
c
PHASE TO GROUND
FAULT
A
B
C
a
b
c
PHASE TO GROUND
FAULT
A
B
C
a
b
c
PHASE TO GROUND
FAULT
A
B
C
a
b
c
PHASE TO GROUND
FAULT
A
B
C
a
b
c
This causes ,

Thermal & Mechanical Damages

Thermal damages due to the high temperature resulting
from high over current

Mechanical damages causes by physical movement of the
winding


Both cause rapid deterioration or breakdown of the
insulation .
2000
1000
500

200
100
50

20
10
5

2
1
0.5

0.2
0.1
1 2 5 10 50

TRANSFORMER
THROUGH FAULT
PROTECTION CURVE
T
I
M
E

I
N

S
E
C
O
N
D


MULTIPLES OF BASE CURRENT
How can we prevent it ?
132 kV
Bus
2000
1000
500

200
100
50

20
10
5

2
1
0.5

0.2
0.1
1 2 5 10 50

T
I
M
E

I
N

S
E
C
O
N
D


MULTIPLES OF BASE CURRENT
TRANSFORMER DAMAGE
CURVE
DOWNSTREAM
FEEDER PROTECTION
What is the backup
Protection if the feeder
Protection fail ?
132 kV
Bus
132 kV
Bus
51
132 kV
Bus
51
132 kV
Bus
FUSE
HOW CAN WE
CO-ORDINATE THE
O/C RELAY OR FUSE
2000
1000
500

200
100
50

20
10
5

2
1
0.5

0.2
0.1
1 2 5 10 50

T
I
M
E

I
N

S
E
C
O
N
D


MULTIPLES OF BASE CURRENT
TRANSFORMER DAMAGE
CURVE
DOWNSTREAM
FEEDER PROTECTION
HV
FUSE

1000
500
200
100
50
20
10
5

2
1
0.5

0.2
0.1
.05.
C
.02
.01
.1 .5 2 10 50 20 100
. 2 1 50 20 100 500

FEEDER
BKR
MAIN BKR.
FUSE
TRANSFORMER
DAMAGE
SEC. AMPS 1000
T
I
M
E


I
N

S
E
C
O
N
D
S


RECLOSER RECLOSER

1000
500
200
100
50
20
10
5

2
1
0.5

0.2
0.1
.05.
C
.02
.01
.1 .5 2 10 50 20 100
. 2 1 50 20 100 500

SEC. AMPS 1000
T
I
M
E


I
N

S
E
C
O
N
D
S


RECLOSER
FUSE
X-FOR.DAMAGE
51
51
N
51
51
G
So the relay will not operate
X I1
I2
i1
i2
TC
i1
i2
Differential Protection
i1
i2
Diff. Relay
CT1 CT2
X protected Equipment
CT1 and CT2 same transformation ratio
Current i1 and i2 are equal in magnitude and opposite in
direction.
So, the net current in the differential coil is zero at load
condition (without fault),

Differential Protection
X I1
I2
i1
i2
TC
i1
i2
i1
i2
Diff. Relay
CT1 CT2
External Fault happens ,
I1 and I2 i1 and i2
But i1 = i2
Current in TC= 0
The Relay will not operate
X I1 I2
i1
i2
TC
i1
i2
i1
i2
Diff. Relay
CT1 CT2
Differential Protection
INTERNAL FAULT HAPPES
Current in TC= i1+i2
Which
Is very
High
TRIPS THE DIFFERENTIAL REALY
Biased differential relay




X I1
I2
i1
i2
Op
i1
i2
i1
i2
Biased Diff. Relay
CT1 CT2
Res. Res.
Large external fault cause false operation
To make more stable
Two Restraining ( Biasing ) coil
One Operating coil is introduced
What is the function of two Restraining ( Biasing ) Coils ?
Restraining coils will oppose the operation of operating coil
The relay will operate only when the operating force > the restraining force
50%
40%
25%
10%
Variable
Restraint(%)
Operate
Current
(I op)
Restraint Current (IR)
TRANSFORMER DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
87T

MAGNETIZING INRUSH CURRENT .

PHASE SHIFT IN WYE-DELTA TRANFOMERS

C.T CONNECTIONS (PHASENG)

EFFECT OF TRANSFORMER TAPS
FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED :
SOURCE
INRUSH
LOAD
6 TO 10 TIMES OF FULL LOAD CURRENT
MAGNETIZING INRUSH CURRENT .
High in Second
Harmonics
INRUSH CURRENT
VOLTAGE
Remedy
Harmonic restraint was added to make the transformer
differential relay less likely to operate on transformer
inrush current.
87
PHASE SHIFT IN DELTA -WYE TRANFOMERS
COMPENSATE BY CAREFUL CONNECTION OF
THE SECONDARIES OF CTS
PHASING
A
B
C
a
b
c
OP
OP
OP
R
R
R
R
R
R
DIFFERENTIAL
RELAY
DELTA-DELTA CONNECTION WYE- CONNECTION IN CTS SECONDERIES
CT SECONDERIES are connected to the respective phases Restrained coils
A
B
C
a
b
c
OP
OP
OP
R
R
R
R
R
R
DIFFERENTIAL
RELAY



WYE WYE CONNECTION
CT SECONDARIES ARE CONNECTED IN DELTA-DELTA
WHY ?
IF WYE-WYE CONNECTED THEN ZERO SEQUENCE CURRENT MAY FLOW THROUGH
GROUND AND CAUSE UNWANTED TRIPPING FOR THROUGH FAULT (EXTENAL FAULT)
A
B
C
a
b
c
132 kV 33 kV
50MVA

Correction of
30 degree phase
Shift

OP
OP
OP
R
R
R
R
R
R
DIFFERENTIAL
RELAY
A A
A
B
B
B
C C
C
I
A
- I
B


I
A
- I
B


I
A


I
A

I
B
- I
C


I
B


I
B

I
C
- I
A


I
C
- I
A


I
C


I
C

PRIMARY SIDE CT CONNECTION
I
A


I
B


I
C


I
A
- I
B


I
B
- I
C


A
B
C
A
B
C
I
B
- I
C


I
C

-

I
A


I
C
- I
A


I
B

-

I
C


I
A
- I
B


I
C
- I
A


I a I a
SECONDARY SIDE CT CONNECTION
Ia
Ib
Ic
Ia
Ib
Ic
Ia
Ic
Ic-Ia

Ib-Ic

Ia-Ib

I a I a
OP
OP
OP
R
R
R
R
R
R
Ia
Ib
Ic
Ia
Ib
Ic
Ia
Ic
Ic-Ia

Ib-Ic

Ia-Ib

I
A


I
B


I
C


I
A
- I
B


I
B
- I
C


A
B
C
A
B
C
I
C

-

I
A


I
C
- I
A

I
B

-

I
C


A
B
C
a
b
c
132 kV 33 kV
50MVA
C.T RATIO SELECTED
SO THAT PRIMARY AND
SECONDARY CURRENTS
MATCH AT RELAY

OP
OP
OP
R
R
R
R
R
R
DIFFERENTIAL
RELAY
I
A
- I
B


I
B
- I
C


Ia -Ib
Ib -Ic
I
C
- I
A


I
C
- Ia

A
B
C
a
b
c
132 kV 33 kV
50MVA
OP
OP
OP
R
R
R
R
R
R
LOAD ZERO
If
INTERNAL GROUND FAULT AT PHASE C
If
If
If
INCREASED FAULT CURRENT AT PRIMARY
PHASE B & C
I=0
I=0
I=0
NO BACK FEED BECAUSE OF RADIAL FEEDER RELAY @ B & C WILL OPERATE
A
B
C
a
b
c
132 kV 33 kV
50MVA
OP
OP
OP
R
R
R
R
R
R
FOR OTHER EXTERNAL FAULT
CURRENT BALANCE ON BOTH SIDE OF THE RELAY
SO THE RELAY WILL NOT OPERATE
TRANSFORMER
OVER-ALL
PROTECTION
TYPICAL
ARRANGMENT
OF X-FOMER
PROTECTION
FOR 10 MVA
OR ABOVE
BOTH PRIMARY AND SECONDARY CKT BRK. TRIPPED BY ANY INTERNAL FAULT
RELAY 49 THARMAL REALY RELAY 63 BUCHHOLZ RELAY
DIFFERENTAL PROTECTION IS FOR OR GRND. FAULT- I RY & II RY BRK.OF X-FOR.
BACK UP
OC GRND. RELAY FOR PRI. CKT. BKR.52P AND BACK OF GRND. FAULT II RY BUS & FEEDERS
Grounded
Neutral of tr.
Sec.
OC GRND. RELAY FOR PRI. CKT. BKR.52S A
OC GRND. ARE CONNNTED TO IRY & IIRY CKT. FOR BACKUP PROTE. BUS & FEEDERS
BACK-UP
GRND.
PROTECTION
FOR IRY CKT.
THARMAL REALY
DETECTS OVER HEATING OF THE OIL
CAUSESE :
1) CONTINIOUS OVER LOAD
2) INTERNAL FAULT IN THE WINDING.
AND SO O.

IT ANNOUCES ALARM
TO THE CONTROL ROOM
OR START THE FORCE
COOLING SYSTEM OF THE
TRANSFORMER
VERY SENSITIVE
OPERATES BEFORE
DIFFERENTIAL RELAY