How can we tell when the weather is

fair? What does it mean when the sky is

cloudy or overcast?
Learn more about weather conditions.

Weather Report

Study the weather report below. Identify the factors that
determine weather.

W E A T H E R
Metro Manila: Clear to cloudy skies with isolated rain showers
and thunderstorms in the afternoon and early
evening. Light to occasionally moderate
northeasterly winds will prevail.

Visayas: Partly cloudy with occasional rains. Light
easterly to variable winds.

Mindanao: Strong westerly and south westerly winds will
prevail.

Temperature range: 25
0
C 33
0
C.
Sunrise: 5:44 a.m. Sunset: 6:07 p.m.

What type of weather condition prevails in
Metro Manila according to the report?

What information in the report makes you
infer that the weather is fair?

What do you think is the weather condition
for the rest of the country? What makes
you say so?

Summer Division Seminar
Workshop in Elementary Science
Naic Elementary School, Naic District, Naic Cavite
Michelle O. Marges
Tua Elementary School
The Weather
Weather is the condition of the
atmosphere from day to day for a
short period of time at a given
place.

Meteorology is the study of
weather and the scientist who study
weather are called meteo8rologist.
Kinds of Weather
Fine Weather
the sky is blue,
few clouds can be seen in the sky
the sun shines brightly
rain is not likely to occur
people enjoy outdoor activities

Fair Weather
characterized by a little rain in some
places, but the sun shines afterward
some white fluffy, pillow-like clouds
called cumulus clouds partly cover
the sky.
people still enjoy the outdoors, but
they bring umbrellas in case of rain


Cloudy Weather
the sky is almost filled with
different kinds of clouds that
almost cover the sun
the air is quite cool

Rainy Weather
the rain pours
people stay indoors

Stormy Weather
occurs when it rains with very strong
winds
typhoon signals are given by the
government to warn people

There are several elements that
act together to produce weather.
We can single out three elements
as more important that the others.
They are heat, air and water.


A. Air Pressure
- is the weight of air resting on the earths surface.
Heat from the sun is the most important element
why air pressure produced. Weather develops when the
suns heat acts on the air in the lowest part of the
atmosphere, a layer roughly 10 miles (16 kilometers)
thick called troposphere.

Elements of Weather
To understand how heat creates weather, we need to
know how heat affects the atmosphere. Air has weight, like
any other substance. The weight of the atmosphere presses
down on all parts of the Earth. When we measure this
weight, we are said to be measuring AIR PRESSURE.

When land and water absorb sunlight, they become
warmer. That warmth, in turn, heats up air that is contact
with Earths surface.

When air gets warm, it becomes less dense and,
therefore, lighter. And when warm, light air is surrounded
by colder, heavier air, the warm air rises, just bubbles rise in
a soft drink. Therefore, the warm air near the ground will
begin to rise through the colder air above.

Air pressure often changes. An area where
the air pressure is high is called a HIGH
PRESSURE area, or a high. It is usually associated
with fair weather and sinking air.

An area where the air pressure is low is
called a LOW PRESSURE area, or a low. It is
usually associated with foul weather and rising air.

We can tell whether the air pressure is going
up down by measuring it with an instrument
called BAROMETER.

BAROMETER
Air pressure is also called BAROMETRIC
pressure. Meteorologist are accustomed to
measure air pressure in units called millibars
(mb). The newer metric unit is the kilopascal
(kPa). Air pressure is also measured in inches
of mercury, a unit that refers to the height of a
column of mercury in a glass tube. The average
air pressure at Earths surface is 1,013.2 mb, 101.3
kPa, or 29.92 inches of mercury.


B. Wind
- is the movement of air masses from high
pressure areas to low pressure areas. It is created
due to difference in the temperature from one
place to another. Warm air moves faster than cold
air. It moves toward the direction where the
temperature is lower pushing the cold air away.

Wind can blow in any direction, but we
typically feel only its horizontal effects.
Wind is named by the direction from which
it comes.
Winds can be slow or fast. Slower winds
are called breeze. Faster winds are called
gales. Very fast winds are called storms.
Wind speed can measure using an ANEMOMETER, and
used the units of measurements of knots or the Beaufort
Scale.
ANEMOMETER
Wind direction can tell us using the WIND VANE.
WIND VANE
C. Air Temperature
- refer to the degree of hotness or coldness of air around
us.

Air temperature differs from place to place, day to day
or even from time to time.

Roads and exposed surfaces are heated by the sun faster
than fields, forest and water surfaces, and they warm the air
above them. As a result, on a hot summer day, the air
temperature over a city soon rises than the temperature in the
countryside.

There are other factors aside from the amount of heat that is
radiated by different types of earth surfaces that cause variations in
air temperature from place to place and during different times of the
day. Some of these factors are as follows:

Bodies of water absorb heat slower than land and also release
heat slowly. Therefore air temperature changes easily over large
land areas than over bodies of water.
The air is continuously moving over mountains and higher
areas. So the air temperature in these places is usually colder.
The tilting of the earth on its axis causes a change in the angle
at which the suns ray strike the earths surface. This results to
variation in the heating of the earths surface. This results to
variation in the heating of the earths surface and the air over
these areas of the earth. This also results to the change in the
season.
The rotation of the earth from west to east exerts an effect on
the air circulation thus affecting the temperature of the air over
wide range of areas on the earths surface.

A THERMOMETER is used to measure air temperature. It is
expressed in degree Celcius (C)

The normal room temperature in the Philippines
ranges from 27 C to 32 C. The temperature lower
than 27 C is cold and higher than 32 C is hot.

D. Humidity
- is the amount of water vapor or moisture in the air.

- On a warm day there is generally more water vapor in the
air than on a cold day.
- The amount of water vapor that air can hold depends on
the temperature of the air. Therefore the warmer the air is,
the more water vapor it can hold. As the temperature goes
down, the air holds less water vapor.
- Because warm air can hold more water vapor that cold air,
meteorologist like to measure the humidity of the air as a
percentage of the amount of vapor the air can hold at a
given temperature. This measure is called the relative
humidity. Air with a relative humidity of 80 percent, for
instance, would be air that holds 80 % of the water vapor it
is capable of holding at its temperature just then.

If the air becomes warmer or colder, the relative humidity will
change - even though the amount of water vapor remains the
same because the air will be capable of holding more or less
vapor than before. When air holds 100 percent of the water
vapor it is capable of holding, we say that it is saturated. At that
point, the humidity would be 100 %.

A hygrometer is used to measure the amount of humidity.
HYGROMETER
Clouds

The amount of water that air can hold as invisible
vapor depends on its temperature. If moist air cools below a
certain temperature, minute droplets of water start to form
around tiny grains of dust and smoke in the air. Clouds and
fog are made of these droplets. Fog is cloud that forms at
ground level. At high altitude, where the air is cold, the water
in clouds forms ice crystals.

Clouds are formed when a mass of air above the surface
is cooled to its dew point temperature.
Types of Clouds

Clouds are usually classified by their appearance and height.
The height of a cloud is measured from the clouds base, but
some types of clouds can tower many thousands of meters above
their bases.
A different type of cloud forms when a warm, moist air front
meets a body of cold air. The warm air rises over the cool air and
starts to cool. Sheets of unbroken cloud can form at the
boundary between warm and cool air. Cloud can also form when
moist air rises and cools as it passes over hills and mountains.
There are four general cloud types. If you were to look into
the sky this very minute, you might see a cloud that doesnt look
like the stratus, cumulus, cirrus, or nimbus clouds described
below. Clouds are a combination and variations of the four
general types. Some variations of the four general types are
altocumulus and altostratus. Learning to identify these other
cloud types can be an enjoyable pastime.

Stratus Clouds
The word stratus comes from the Latin word that
means, to spread out. Stratus clouds are horizontal, layered
clouds that stretch out across the sky like a blanket.
Sometimes a layer of warm, moist air passes over a layer of
cool air. Stratus clouds often form at the boundary where
these layers meet. Where two such layers of air meet, the
warm air is cooled. If the warm air is cooled below its dew
point, the excess water vapor condenses to form a blanket-
like layer of stratus clouds. If the layers of air are very large,
the stratus clouds may extend many kilometers across the
sky.

Cumulus Clouds
The word cumulus comes from the Latin word for a
heap or a pile. Cumulus clouds are puffy in appearance.
They look like large cotton balls. Cumulus clouds usually
form when warm-moist air is forced upward. As its dew
point temperature, condensation will occur. The size of a
cumulus cloud depends on the force of the upward
movement of air and the amount of moisture in the air. Very
strong upward movements of warm, moist air cause the
formation of large cumulus clouds. The clouds that produce
heavy thunderstorms in summer are forms of cumulus
clouds called cumulonimbus. Cumulonimbus clouds may
extend upward for hundreds of meters.

Cirrus clouds
The third general type of cloud. The word cirrus
comes from the Latin word for a tuft or curl of hair.
Cirrus clouds are very wispy and feathery-looking. They
form only at high altitudes, about 7 km above the earths
surface. Cirrus clouds are composed of ice crystals and
are so thin that sunlight can pass right through them.

Nimbus clouds
are rain clouds characterized by a uniform
grayness, extending over the entire sky in seasons
of continued rain. It looks dark and heavy. They
are clouds from which rain falls.

Interpreting a Weather Report

Do you know how to interpret a weather report?

Here are some symbols/ phrases that are commonly
uses in relaying weather forecast to the public:

Fair weather, Sun will shine brightly
Cloudy sky
With thunder and lightning
Occasional rains
Dark shadow sky

Let us study and try to interpret the sample weather report for
Metro Manila.

Time 5:00 a.m April 25, 2009
Temperature Range 22
0
C to 35
0
C
Wind Speed/ Direction Light to Moderate
East-Northeast
Manila Bay
Cloudiness Partly cloudy to cloudy with rain
and shower and thunderstorm
Tropical Cyclone
(Storm)
No tropical cyclone is threatening
or affecting the Philippines
Weather forecast as of November 1, 2003
Metro Manila
Mostly cloudy with rainshowers; winds light to moderate
blowing from the west and southwest; Manila Bay slight to moderate;
temperature ranges from 24
0
C to 33
0
C (75
0
F to 91
0
F).
Baguio
Mostly cloudy with scattered rainshowers; wind light to
moderate blowing from the northwest and west; temperature ranges
from 150C to 240C (59
0
F to 75
0
F).
Tagaytay
Partly cloudy to cloudy with rainshowers; wind light to moderate
blowing from the west and southwest; temperature ranges from 20
0
C
to 29
0
C (68
0
F to 84
0
F).

Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority
Mostly cloudy with scattered rainshowers; wind
moderate blowing from the northwest and west; Subic
Bay moderate; temperature ranges from 23
0
C to 32
0
C
(73
0
F to 90
0
F).
Clark Zone and Lahar Areas
Mostly cloudy with scattered rainshowers; wind
moderate blowing from the northwest and west;
temperature ranges from 23
0
C to 32
0
C (73
0
F to 90
0
F).

Study the weather chart

Time: 9 am Metro
Manila
Eastern
Luzon
Mindanao
Sky Cloudy Cloudy Clear
Temperature 30
0
C 29
0
C 33
0
C
Wind Speed Moderate Moderate Light
Wind
Direction
Northeast Northeast East and
variable
Importance of Weather
Forecasting
When the weather keeps on changing. It becomes the
difficult to predict what the weather will be. In this situation, it
becomes challenging to meteorologist to do this job.

Traditional ways of predicting weather changes are quite
reliable. A good example of this is when a bright red sunset is seen
in the sky, it indicates a good weather. The animals behavior is also
a good indicator of changing weather. Cattle tend to lie down as
rain approaches while seabirds are often driven inland by storms at
sea.

Moderate weather forecasters observe the weather in
thousands of different places and calculate the changes that
are likely to happen. They get their data from an
international network of weather stations, high-altitude
balloons and satellite. The data is fed into computers that
predict weather patterns. Such forecast can be reasonably
accurate for up to a week ahead. Longer-range forecast tend
to be inaccurate because of the complex development of the
weather system, that is why the outcome is completely
different with the prediction earlier made.

The days weather can easily be determined and
knows by referring to the weather forecast. A weather
forecast is a report that tells what an areas weather will be
during a certain period of time. Knowing the weather
forecast through reading the newspaper or listening to radio
broadcast will help you plan your daily activities.


The government agency responsible for giving the
official weather report is the PAGASA (Philippine
Atmospheric Geophysical Astronomical Services
Administration). The meteorologists or weathermen are
the ones who prepare the reports which will be announced
on the television, radio, and be printed as well in
newspapers. Their task of weather forecasting is easily
done by using different weather instruments.

Applying Knowledge of the Weather in Making
Decisions for the Day

The weather of one place may not necessarily be the
same as the weather in another place at the same time. It
may be sunny in Manila while it is raining hard in the
Ilocos region. Because of the constantly changing
condition of the weather, peoples daily activities and
environment are affected.

Weather changes affect all living organism directly or indirectly.
Knowing what weather to expect during the day helps you make
decision. It can be a good indicator of your planned activities, too. By
knowing weather you can do the following:
You can consider the type of clothes to wear during different weather
conditions.
You can easily choose the games you will play.
You can very well plan the places you would like to visit.
You can think of the appropriate meal to serve and eat.
You and your activities can be planned ahead of time.
You can even avoid sickness and diseases common during a certain
season that might affect your health.

These are just some of the most common effects of
weather changes that may affect our lives. With this
knowledge about weather changes, we can avoid having
problems with the things we want to do that are affected by
the weather.

THANK YOU!!!