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RFID Network
Building an Internet of Things
Liang Dong
leondong@sjtu.edu.cn
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Contents
Introduction RFID
RFID Network Architecture
RFID Security & Privacy
RFID Applications
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Contents
Introduction RFID
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What will the world be if all object can talk?
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What is Automatic Identification
Real World
Automatic
Identification
Virtual World
0110111000101010101
1101010111010101101
0001011101010001001
0101010000111010101
0101010101000001110
11111101101110100101
01110101011
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What is Automatic Identification
Various forms of Automatic Identification
Biometric (e.g. Retinal Scans)
Optical Character Recognition (OCR)
Voice Recognition
Bar Codes( e.g. Uniform Product Codes)
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)
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What is RFID
Radio Frequency Identification
Describes any system of identification
wherein an electronic device that uses radio
frequency or magnetic field variations to
communicate is attached to an item.
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RFID Frequency
10 kHz 100 kHz 1 MHz 10 MHz 100 MHz 1000 MHz
300
GHz
Low Freq. EAS
Mid. Freq.
EAS
Cell Phone
RFID:
Item
Management
Data
Modem
AM
Radio
Toys
Garage
Door
CB FM
RFID:
Access Control
Animal ID
RFID:
Toll Roads
& Item
Managemen
t
Microwav
e
EAS
TV
Data
Terminal
RFID &
I.C. Cards
2.45 GHz
LF HF UHF Microwave
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Whats wrong with Bar-code
Barcode is prevalent in commercial world.
However, there are shortcomings of bar
codes
Line-of-sight
One-at-a-time
Manual
handling
Limited range
Limited data
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Radio Frequency Identification
Radio Frequency Identification offer the
potential to eliminate these shortcomings
Non-line-of-sight
100(s) at a time
Automatic
handling
Several meter
50 bits -Kbits
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What are some of the potential issues
associated with the creation of an
Internet of things?
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Example: Supply Chain
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Contents
RFID Network Architecture
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RFID Network Architecture
The RFID Network Architecture is
composed of four fundamental elements:
Electronic Product Code (EPC)
Hardware System (RFID tags and readers)
RFID middleware
Object Name Service (ONS)
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Electronic Product Code
Numerous identification coding standards
exist:
Universal Product Code (UPC)
International Standard Book Number (ISBN)
IP Address
MAC Address
EPC aims to uniquely identify physical
objects over the world

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Electronic Product Code
Standard EPC is 96 bit
EPC is comprised of four distinct numbers
Version
Domain Manager Number (P&G, Pepsi)
Object Class Number (Pepsi Cola)
Serial Number
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Hardware--Reader and Tag
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RFID Tag
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Chip of RFID Tag
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RFID Tag
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RFID Reader
Passive tags must have radio transmitters
somewhere to power them
It's the reader's role to know how to talk to
tags, how to create low-level data from
reads, and how to send these data to
middleware
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RFID Reader
Label
Transmitter
Receiver
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
Some application illustrations will be given shortly
Normally a very weak reply is obtained
Chip
Energy
Data
Tag
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Reader and Tag Collision
Two collision-related issues:
Reader Collision Interference caused by an
overlap in reader signals
Tag Collision Interference caused when
more than one tag responds to a signal at the
same time


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RFID Middleware
In order to reduce network traffic, modular
components of RFID Middleware will be
used to process, filter, and digest events.
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Object Naming Service (ONS)
Since only the EPC is stored on an items
tag, computer systems need a way of
matching the EPC to information about the
item
ONS is an automated networking service
similar to Domain Name Service (DNS)
and built over top of the DNS framework

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Contents
RFID Application
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Networking the Physical World
RF Tag
Networked
Tag Readers
Middleware
ONS
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RFID Network:Trace and Track
Manufacture
Database A
ONS
Retailer
Database
Send
1.2.3.4
Register
1.2.3.4 is in Database A
ONS Finding
Where can I find
information of 1.2.3.4
Middleware
Middleware
Verify Receiving
Information
ONS return:
Database A
Receive
1.2.3.4
A
B
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Contents
RFID Security and Privacy
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RFID Bill of Rights for consumer
The right of the consumer
to know what items possess RFID tags
to remove or deactivate the RFID tag once a
product is purchased
to know where, when, and why an RFID tag is
being read
to know what information is being stored
inside an RFID tag
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Vulnerability
Tag
Data on the tag is stored unencrypted
Without physical supervision, anyone on the
premises with physical access to tags can
remove a tag or switch one tag with another
Reader
The data traffic from tag to reader is not
encrypted
Readers do not authenticate the tags

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Possible Countermeasures
Tag
Using rewritable tags only where appropriate
With proper access control (physical or
encryption)
Reader
Communication between readers and tags
can be encrypted.
Readers should require proper authentication
and authorization to allow access to their
services

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Resource
http://www.epcglobalinc.org/Official Organization of EPC
standards
MIT Auto-ID lab http://autoid.mit.edu/CS/
Garfinkel, Simson. "The Trouble with RFID."
http://www.thenation.com/doc/20040216/garfinkel/.
Gagne, Martin. "Identity-Based Encryption: A Survey. "RSA
Laboratories CryptoBytes 6, no.1 (2003): 1019.
Palmer, Mark. "Seven Principles of Effective RFID Data
Management." Enterprise Systems Journal, 3 August 2004,
http://www.esj.com/enterprise/article.aspx?EditorialsID=1076.
Sozo, Inoue and Hiroto Yasuura. "RFID Privacy Using User-
Controllable Uniqueness." Kyushu University, 1 November 2003.


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