1

ASSALAMUALAIKUM
WARAHMATULLAHI WABARAKATUH
&
GOOD MORNING
RESPECTED LADIES AND GENTLEMENTS
2
THE IMPORTANCE OF TRAFFIC PLANNING
IN TOWN PLANNING
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR DR. HASSIM MAT
BY
Pusat Pengajian Perumahan, Bangunan & Perancangan,
UNVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA
PULAU PINANG
hassim@usm.my / drhasmat14@gmail.com
04-6532844
3
INTRODUCTION
Statistic 2007
11,836,136 licensed drivers in Malaysia
27,127,000 total population in Malaysia
7,458,128 motorcycles
6,941,996 cars
142,038 public transports
836,579 commercial vehicles
411,991 other vehicles

16,812,440 total registered vehicles
4
INTRODUCTION
Year 2005 2006 2007
Private
Vehicles
13,481,312 14,400,124 15,363,007
Population 26,130,000 26,640,000 27,170,000
Ratio Vehicles/
Population
0.52 0.54 0.56
Vehicles every
100 People
52 54 56
5
ISUES & PROBLEMS
1. Traffic congestion
Traffic volume is more than road capacity
Inefficient traffic management

2. Delay
Long travelling time
Wasting billions of ringgit in delays
6
3. Environmental pollution
Air polluted by poisonous gas
Noisy
Increase in air temperature
Smelly air
Wastage of natural sources
ISUES & PROBLEMS
7
4. Public Transport
Inconvenience
Not comfortable
Expensive fare
Not following the schedule
Limited facilities
Insufficient terminal/station facilities
ISUES & PROBLEMS
8
5. Parking Facilities
Insufficient
Blocking / interrupting smooth traffic flow
Far from destination
Expensive parking charges
ISUES & PROBLEMS
9
6. Pedestrian
Exposed to accident
Limited/no facilities
Have facilities but not comprehensive
Inconvenience design
ISUES & PROBLEMS
10
7. Road Accident
Factors causing road accidents
Human being 67%
Vehicles 9%
Environment 24%
10
th
highest in the world (2002)
549,917 cases with 6,282 fatalities, (2007)
376,061 cars involved
an average of 17.2 death per day
ISUES & PROBLEMS
11
Fatalities Road in Some Countries
140.00
48.00
32.50
15.20
9.10
8.40
5.44 5.30
5.17 5.07
4.30
2.81
1.90 1.81 1.80 1.80 1.44
185.00
190.00
0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
120.00
140.00
160.00
180.00
200.00
E
u
t
o
p
h
i
a
A
f
r
i
c
a
n

R
e
p
u
b
l
i
c
I
n
d
i
a
C
h
i
n
a
P
a
k
i
s
t
a
n
T
u
r
k
i
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
T
h
a
i
l
a
n
d
S
w
i
t
z
e
r
l
a
n
d
B
e
l
g
i
u
m
M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
I
t
a
l
y
S
i
n
g
a
p
o
r
e
J
a
p
a
n
U
S
A
F
i
n
l
a
n
d
G
r
e
a
t

B
r
i
t
a
i
n
G
e
r
m
a
n
y
N
e
w

Z
e
a
l
a
n
d
F
a
t
a
l
i
t
i
e
s
/
1
0
,
0
0
0

V
e
h
s
12
Road Functions

Communication relationship
Connecting Public to Private
Space for Utilities Facilities
Public relation areas
13
CATEGORIES

1. Toll Highways (PLUS)
2. Federal Route
3. State Road
4. Municipal or City Road
5. Rural or Country Road
14
TOLL HIGHWAYS NETWORK BETWEEN CITIES IN PENINSULAR MALAYSIA
Total length 847.7 km
15
ROAD HIERARCHY

1. Highways or Motorways
2. Main Collector Road
3. Local Collector Road
4. Access Road
5. Residential Road
6. Cul-De-Sac
7. Back Lane
16


Width of Road
Reserve (Feet)
Width of Each
LANE (Feet)
Number of
LANES
Road Types
100 & 132 10 - 12 4 LANES two
ways
Highways
66 & 100 10 - 12 2 LANES two
ways

Major
Collector
50 & 66 10 - 12 2 LANES two
ways

Minor
Collector
40 & 50 . 10 - 12 2 LANES two
ways
Access Road
ROAD HIERARCHY
17
Width of road
Reserve (Feet)
Width of each
LANE (Feet)
Number of
LANES
Road Types
40 10 - 12 2 LANES two
ways
Residential
Road
40 & 30 8 - 12 2 LANES two
ways
Cul-De-Sac


6 to 20 6 - 20 1 LANE Back LANE

Source: Jabatan Perancang Bandar dan Desa, Untermann
R.K. dan Ibrahim Wahab
ROAD HIERARCHY
18
R5
R6
R4
R3
R2
R1
R6 Lebuh Raya
R5 Jalan Pengumpul Utama
R4 Jalan Pengumpul Tempatan
R3 Jalan Masuk
R2 Jalan Kediaman
R1 Kul-De-Sac
PETUNJUK
Source: Jabatan Perancang Bandar dan Desa dan Untermann R.K. m.s.
201 (ubahsuai)
ROAD HIERARCHY
19
Source: Jabatan Perancang Bandar dan Desa
ROAD HIERARCHY
or 9 m
20
Source: Jabatan Perancang Bandar dan Desa
ROAD HIERARCHY
or 12 m
21
Source: Jabatan Perancang Bandar dan Desa
ROAD HIERARCHY
22
Source: Jabatan Perancang Bandar dan Desa
R4
ROAD HIERARCHY
or 15 m
23
Source: Jabatan Perancang Bandar dan Desa
R5
ROAD HIERARCHY
or 18 m
24
ROAD HIERARCHY
or 35.4 m
25
Road Design

Road Classification or Hierarchy
Table: Lane Requirement Minimum (feet)
Types 1 Lane 2 Lanes
Pedestrian 2 4
Bicycle 3 8
Motorcycle 4 10
Car 6 16
Lorry 8 24
Source: Jabatan Perancang Bandar dan Desa
26
Source: Jabatan Perancang Bandar dan Desa
PADESTRIAN LANE BICYCLE LANE
Road Design
4 8
27
Source: Jabatan Perancang Bandar dan Desa
MOTORCYCLE LANE CAR LANE
Road Design
16
28
Source: Jabatan Perancang Bandar dan Desa
LORRY LANE
Road Design
29
Topographic Condition








Figure: Gradient in Road Design (1:10)
1
10
Road Design
30
Road Design
31
Road Design
32
Road Design
33
Junctions Design
Table: Distance Between Junctions

Road Types Distance Between Junctions (J)
Major Collector 500 feet
Minor Collector 400 feet
Access Road 300 feet
Residential Road 200 feet
Cul-De-Sac 150 feet
Short Cul-De-Sac 150 feet
Source: Jabatan Perancang Bandar dan Desa
Road Design
34
Distance Between Junctions
Source: Jabatan Perancang Bandar dan Desa
J
J
J
J
Road Design
35
Traffic Survey
The purpose of conducting traffic
volume survey:
To predict and forecast
Design for improvement
Road accident study
Traffic study at junction
Traffic management
36
Traffic Volume Contents
According to Class
1. Two wheels; Motorcycle
2. Three/Four wheels two gander ;
Motorcar and motor rickshaw
3. Six wheels, two gander; Lorry and big
van
4. Three /more gander; Oil tanker, lorry
cargo and logger lorry
5. Taxi and hired car
6. Bus (Public transport)
37
Traffic Volume Contents

38
TRAFFIC VOLUME SURVEY
DEFINITION :
NUMBER OF VEHICLES PASSING
THROUGH A POINT ON THE ROAD FOR A
GIVEN TIME.

In vehicles per hour or vehicles per day

39
LOCATION SELECTION
1. ROAD SIDE (STRAIGHT ROAD)
2. JUNCTIONS
3. X JUNCTION (4 JUNCTIONS)
4. T JUNCTION (3 JUNCTION)
5. ROUND ABOUT
40
TIME FRAME
BASED ON THE OBJECTIVE OF
THE STUDY:
1. 1 HOUR
2. 12 HOURS (7.00 19.00 )
3. 16 HOURS (6.00 22.00)
4. 18 HOURS(6.00 24.00)
5. 24 HOURS (7.00 7.00)
6. 1 WEEK
7. 1 YEAR
41
SURVEY METHODS

1. MANKIND (PEOPLE)
2. MECHANICAL ; PNEUMATIC TUBE,
3. ELECTROMAGNETIC PRINCIPLE
SPECTION CABLE
4. MICROELECTRONIC H - STAR
5. VIDEO CAMERA OR CCTV
42
SURVEY METHODS
TRAFFIC COUNTER
43
SURVEY METHODS
Traffic Volume Survey Form

44
SURVEY METHODS
MECHANICAL PNEUMATIC TUBE
45
SURVEY METHODS
ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTION CABEL
46
TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT
The objective of traffic management is to
solve or reduce traffic problems which
are occurring especially in the city center.
The process of controlling the traffic flow
on the road network at the specific area
toward obtaining an efficient, safe and
smooth flow.
47
TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT
Traffic Management Techniques
Road signage
Traffic lights
Round about
Multi level (grade separated) junctions
Traffic streaming
Acceleration and deceleration lane
One way street
Public transport infrastructure
Etc.
48
Determining Intersection Types
Intersection Types Total number of vehicles on two
ways traffic at the main road and
the highest traffic volume on the
minor road (vehicles per hour)
Priority Junction 0 - 1500
Mini Round About 0 900
Small Round About 900 2000
Normal Round About 2000 5000
Signalized Intersection 700 5500
Grade Separated
Junction
> 4000

Source: Meor Othman Hamzah (1992)
49
CAR PARK TYPES
Road side
Off road or open space
Multi storey parking
Roof top
Basement
On the ramp
Mechanical floor
50
CAR PARK TYPES
Road side
51
CAR PARK TYPES
Off road/open space
52
CAR PARK TYPES
Multi storey building
53
CAR PARK TYPES
On mechanical floor
54
CAR PARK TYPES
On mechanical floor
55
PARKING LOT ARRANGEMENT
Right angle (90
o
) parallel to the road
Right angle (90
o
) to the road
45
o
to the road
30
o
to the road
60
o
to the road
56
PARKING LOT ARRANGEMENT
8
16
20
90 degrees to the road
57
PARKING LOT ARRANGEMENT
45 degrees to the road
16
8
16
58
PARKING LOT ARRANGEMENT
30 degrees to the road
12
8
16
59
PARKING LOT ARRANGEMENT
60 degrees to the road
8
16
16
60
PARKING LOT ARRANGEMENT
61
PARKING LOT ARRANGEMENT
Arrangement for an area of 88 sq. feet with lot size 8 feet X 16 feet
62
PARKING LOT ARRANGEMENT
Arrangement for an area of 88 sq. feet with lot size 8 feet X 16 feet
63
PARKING MANAGEMENT
Attendant
Coupon
Meter
Pay and Display
Pay and Park
Ticket and pay at machine
64
PARKING MANAGEMENT

Attendant

65
PARKING MANAGEMENT

Meter

66
PARKING MANAGEMENT
Meter
67
PARKING MANAGEMENT
Pay and Display
68
PARKING MANAGEMENT
Coupon



69
PARKING STANDARDS & GUIDELINES
Parking standards and guidelines were
designed to assist the town planners in
obtaining the proper design and allocation
of parking lots.
As an example, parking allocation for
each types of development prepared
Town and Country Planning Department
(JPBD) (2000),
70
PARKING STANDARDS & GUIDELINES
based on population size > 1 million
Types
Detached
Semi Detached
Terrace
Terrace Low Cost
Town House
Parking Lot Requirement
2.5 L/unit
2.5 L/unit
1 L/unit
1 L/unit
2 L/ 1 centralized within 50 meters
Residential;
71
PARKING STANDARDS & GUIDELINES
Types
Condominium
Medium Cost
Low Cost
Parking Lot Requirement
2.5L/1unit +10% visitors + 10% mcle
2L/1unit + 10% visitors + 20% mcle
1 L/ 1 unit + 10% visitors + 1Lmcle/ 2
unit flat
Residential (Flat);
72
PARKING STANDARDS & GUIDELINES
Types
Ordinary commercial
building

Shop houses

Shops + Office


Hypermarket


Mini Market

Parking Lot Requirement
1 L/100 m
2
floor area

1 L/100 m
2
floor area + 1 L motorcycle /100
m
2
floor area


1 L/ 75 m
2
floor area + 1 L motorcycle/100
m
2
floor area

1 L/ 15 m
2
floor area + 20% L motorcycle
Taxi waiting bay minimum 10 lots

1 L/ 25 m
2
floor area + 1 L motorcycle/50
m
2
floor area
100 m
2
for 2 service vehicles
Commercial;
73
PARKING STANDARDS & GUIDELINES
Types
4 5 stars


3 stars


Motel

Service Apartment
Parking Lot Requirement
1 L/3 rooms + 75% related to hotel operation
Bus and taxi bays

1 L/4 rooms + 75% related to hotel operation
Bus and taxi bays

1 L/2 rooms + 1 L / 30 m
2
dining hall

1.5 L/ 1 unit + 20% for visitors
+ 20% motorcycles
+ 1 L for excursion bus/40 units
Hotel;
74
PARKING STANDARDS & GUIDELINES
Types
Public Recreational
Garden or Park

Swimming pool

Stadium and Club
House

Tennis & Squash Court

Ice Skating Ring
Parking Lot Requirement
1 L/1500 feet square < 1 acre
1 L/5000 feet square - 1 to 5 acre

1 L/250 feet square swimming pool +
restaurant
1 L/8 seats + 1L/250 feet square
restaurant

2 L/court

1 L/1000 feet square +1 L/8 seats
Recreational;
75
PARKING STANDARDS & GUIDELINES
Types
Mosque

Church

Crematorium
Parking Lot Requirement
1 L/250 feet square prayer halls

1 L/20 fixed seats

1L/250 feet square
Religious;
76
PARKING STANDARDS & GUIDELINES
Types
Kinder Garden

Primary School

Secondary School


Institute of Higher
Learning
Parking Lot Requirement
1 L/3 Staff + 1L/10 student

1 L/2 staff and teacher + 1L/20 student

1 L/2 staff and teacher + 1L/20
student+1L Motorcycle /10 student

1 L/2 staff and teacher + 1L/20 student
+1L Motorcycle /5 student +10% overall
for visitors
Educational;
77
PARKING STANDARDS & GUIDELINES
Types
Public Hospital


Private Hospital

Welfare House


Library
Parking Lot Requirement
1 L/5 bed + 1 L/3 administration staff
+ 1 L/1 professional staff

1 L/3 bed + 1 L/3 administration staff
+ 1 L/1 professional staff

1 L/3 administration staff
1 L/1000 feet square

1 L/2 staff or teacher
Institusional;
78
REFERENCES
Ibrahim Wahab, (1985) Perancangan Lalu Lintas, USM
Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
Ibrahim Wahab, (1990) Teknik Sistem Lalu Lintas Dan
Pengangkutan, Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Kuala Lumpur.
Ibrahim Wahab, (1991) Pengangkutan Bandar Di Malaysia,
Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Kuala Lumpur.
Danial Mohamed, (1993) Pengenalan Tinjauan dan Analisis
Lalu Lintas Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Kuala Lumpur.
Meor Othman Hamzah, (1992) Reka Bentuk Jalan Raya
Untuk Jurutera. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Kuala Lumpur.
G.R. Wells, (1970) The Introduction to Traffic Engineering,
Charles Griffin and Company, London.
Jabatan Perancang Bandar & Desa, 2000, Garispanduan &
Piawaian Perancangan Tempat Letak Kereta, Kementerian
Perumahan dan Kerajaan Tempatan.

79
WASSALAMUALAIKUM
WARAHMATULLAHI WABARAKATUH
&
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION
GOOD LUCK