PREPARED BY:

NOR AIMAN BIN SUKINDAR

JKM
To understand the work study concept with
method study and time study.
To know the procedure for doing time study
and explains how allowance and rating factor
influence standard time rating.

Work study is a generic term for those
techniques, method study and work
measurement which are used in the
examination of human work in all its
contexts which lead systematically to the
investigation of all the factors which affect
the efficiency and economy of the situation
being reviewed, in order to effect
improvement.
Kajian Kerja merupakan servis yang menggunakan teknik-teknik
seperti kajian kaedah dan kajian masa, untuk mengkaji
keberkesanan setiap aktivti kerja secara sistematik demi
menghasilkan aktiviti kerja yang cekap dan produktif

1. Improved layout and design of workplace.
2. Improved and efficient work procedures.
3. Effective utilisation of men, machines and
materials.
4. Improved design or specification of the
final product.


High production cost from usual
Too many work in progress
Low quality production
Use of materials, equipment, machinery and
labour is not satisfactory
Frequent overtime
Work that using too much labour
Study methods generally defined as a study
to determine the methods that can be used
as well to find one of the best methods to
practice in the course of the work.

Kajian kaedah secara am didefinasikan sebagai satu kajian untuk
menentukan kaedah-kaedah yang boleh digunakan serta mencari satu
kaedah yang terbaik untuk mempraktikan dalam menjalankan sesuatu
kerja.

OBJECTIVES
(a) Improvement in quality with lesser scrap.
(b) Increased production through better
utilisation of resources.
(c) Elimination of unnecessary operations and
movements.
(d) Improved layout leading to smooth flow
of material and a balanced production line.
(e) Improved working conditions.

Economic Aspects
1. Operations involving excessive labour.
2. Operations producing lot of scrap or defectives.
3. Operations having poor utilisation of resources

Technical Aspects
1. Job having in consistent quality.
2. Operations generating lot of scraps.
3. Frequent complaints from workers regarding the job.

Human Considerations
1. Workers complaining about unnecessary and tiring work.
2. More frequency of accidents.
3. Inconsistent earning.


1) Choosing a work to be studied
Having decided that the research work should be done from the signs
that have been described above, it is necessary also to choose which of
the thousands of jobs in the plant network to be studied.
2) Collect and record information
All information or data regarding the methods of work adopted in making
work that has been selected to be collected and recorded. Recording
techniques will be described later.
3) Review all information
Once you complete all the information available then the next step is to
examine in detail each of the methods and movements found in earlier
work.
4) Plan a new method
Any rule or movement that was vulnerable to be identified and then
plans should be made to modify or last movement to be more productive.
5) Practise new method
Having concluded that the new method is needed is practice. The
important thing is to practice the new method must get the consent of
the parties such as the management, foremen and operators themselves,
for without the cooperation of all parties to this new method will
certainly fail.
6) Maintain a method
The next step in basic procedure, after
selecting the work to be studied is to record
all facts relating to the existing method
TYPE OF CHART
1.Operation Process Chart
2. Flow Process Chart



1. OUTLINE PROCESS CHART
2.PROCESS FLOW CHART
Outline process chart is the simplest process. It gives a description
and diagram of the activities that occurred from the beginning of
raw material processed, operation sequences and inspections
performed. It's easy because not include activities such detail but
roughly only.
AKTIVITI-AKTIVITI UNTUK SIMBOL PENGENDALIAN (Operation
symbol)
Pemasangan/pembukaan komponen (manufacture)
Kerja-kerja membaiki(fixing)
Menyediakan loji dan alatan(prepairing tool)
Perubahan bentuk/keadaan sesuatu bahan.
Tidakbalas kimia
Memberi perintah
Mengisi borang
Membuat pengiraan dan lain-lain.

AKTIVITI-AKTIVITI UNTUK SIMBOL PEMERIKSAAN(Inspection
symbol)
Menyukat bahan
Mengkelas
Memeriksa-mengukur, menombor atau menimbang.


EXAMPLE:-
1 .(COLLECTING RAW MATERIAL)bahan dikumpulkan
(5 minutes)
2. (mix all the raw material) adunkan semua bahan
(2 minutes)
3. (PUT IN THE CASTING)letakkan adunan dalam acuan
( 1 minute)
4. (HEATED)Bakar (30minutes)
5. (INSPECTION)periksa masak atau tidak (2minutes)
6. (COOLING DOWN)tutup api dan sejukkan (1/2 minutes)
Inspection 1 is more important than
operation 2



operation 3 is more important than
inspection 4

1-2
3-4
TRANSPORTATION
DELAY
STORAGE

Transportation

A transport indicates the movement of workers, materials or equipment
from one place to another.
Example: Movement of materials from one work station to another.
Workers travelling to bring tools.

Delay: Delay (Temporary Storage)
A delay occurs when the immediate performance of the next
planned thing does not take place.
Example: Work waiting between consecutive operations.
Operators waiting for instructions from supervisor.

Storage

Storage occurs when the object is kept in an authorised custody and
is protected against unauthorised removal.
For example, materials kept in stores to be distributed to various
work.




Time study is also called work measurement. It is essential for
both planning and control of operations.
According to British Standard Institute time study has been
defined as The application of techniques designed to establish
the time for a qualified worker to carry out a specified job at a
defined level of performance.


Kajian Masa ialah kajian yang menggunakan cara-cara tertentu untuk menentukan
jumlah masa yang diambil oleh pengendali untuk menyempurnakan sesuatu
operasi.


OBJECTIVES TIME STUDY
Determine the level of difficulty of an operation.
Determine the amount of the elements involved in an operation.
Determine an employee's skill level.
Improve methods of operation takes too long.
Reduce production costs.
Determine the standard time for an operation.

Menentukan tahap kepayahan sesuatu operasi.
Menentukan jumlah unsur-unsur yang terlibat dalam sesuatu operasi.
Menentukan tahap kemahiran seseorang pekerja.
Memperbaiki kaedah pengendalian yang memerlukan masa yang terlalu panjang.
Mengurangkan kos pengeluaran.
Menentukan masa piawai untuk sesuatu operasi.


Using stop watch (jam randik)
Average time for each works
A = (4 + 5 + 4 + 6 + 6 + 5 + 4) / 7 = 4.85 min
B = (6 + 8 + 7 + 6 + 7 + 6 + 7) / 7 = 6.71 min
C = (15 + 14 + 14 + 12 + 15 + 16 + 13) / 7 = 14.14 min
D = (3 + 4 + 4 + 5 + 4 + 3 + 8) / 7 = 4.43 min
E = (5 + 6 + 8 + 7 + 6 + 7) / 7 = 5.57 min
F = (3 + 4 + 5 + 4 + 4 + 5 + 3) / 7 = 4.00 min

Normal Time = Average Observed Time X Rating
A = 4.85 X (110/100) = 5.34 min
B = 6.71 X (90/100) = 6.04 min
C = 14.14 X (105/100) = 14.85 min
D = 4.43 X (100/100) = 4.43 min
E = 5.57 X (130/100) = 7.24 min
F = 4.00 X (95/100) = 3.80 min
Standard Time = Normal Time + (allowance x Normal Time )
A = 5.34 + (0.2 X 5.34) = 6.41 min
B = 6.04 + (0.2 X 6.04) = 7.25 min
C = 14.85 + (0.2 X 14.85) = 17.82 min
D = 4.43 + (0.2 X 4.43) = 5.32 min
E = 7.24 + (0.2 X 7.24) = 8.69 min
F = 3.80 + (0.2 X 3.80) = 4.56 min

Overall Standard Time = 6.41 + 7.25 + 17.82 + 5.32 + 8.69 + 4.56
= 50.05 min



If an allowance of 10% for the fatigue factor and 10% for individual factors (personal) is allowed for the
operation, get the normal time and standard time for this process.