Adhesion To Dry Cellulose

By Nazir Khan
Outline
History of adhesion in cellulose
Introduction to adhesion bonds
Importance of adhesion to cellulose
Theories for adhesion to cellulose
Hydrophobic vs. hydrophilic
Cellulose adhesion on the nanoscale
Cellulose adhesion bonding in paper
Cellulose adhesion bonding in films
Future of adhesion to dry cellulose




History of Adhesion in
Cellulose
Adhesion in cellulose-based fiber materials
for paper as old as 5000 years.
Egyptians invented papyrus parchments.
Ref: Gardner, Douglas. Adhesion and Surface Issues in Cellulose and Nanocellulose.
Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 22 (2008) 545567
Introduction to Adhesion Bonds
Adhesion is the tendency of
certain dissimilar molecules
to cling together due to
attractive forces.
Strength of adhesion
between two materials
Materials that wet
Surface energy
Importance of Adhesion to
Cellulose
Cellulose has great importance in their current and future
applications of papermaking, composites and nanocomposites.







Example: The mechanical performance of composites, is
dependent on the degree of dispersion of the fibers in the
matrix polymer and intensity of fiberpolymer adhesion
interactions.
Adhesion theories to Cellulose
Several theories have been
proposed to provide an
explanation for adhesion
phenomena.
The bonding phenomenon
is the sum of a number of
forces.
Adhesion theories that have
been examined in the
bonding of cellulose fibers.
Ref: Gardner, Douglas. Adhesion and Surface Issues in Cellulose and Nanocellulose.
Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 22 (2008) 545567
Adhesion theories to cellulose
Mechanical interlocking caused by the
mechanical anchoring of the adhesive in
the pores and the uneven parts of the
surface.
Electrostatic forces, as they relate to the
difference in electonegativities of adhering
materials.
Diffusion which is related to the
interpenetration of molecular chains at the
interface.
Adhesion theories to cellulose
Weak boundary layers referring
to the accumulation of air
bubbles or low molecular weight
compounds from the adhesive,
the adherents or the
surroundings at the interface

Adsorption and wetting which are
related to highly localized
intermolecular forces.

Adhesion theories to Cellulose
Features that contribute to
adhesion
Each feature adds to the
overall complexity of
adhesion
Adhesion of particles to a
surface
Ref: Sczech, Ronny. Molecularly smooth cellulose surfaces for adhesion
studies. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 301 (2006) 376385
Hydrophobic Versus
Hydrophilic
The hydrophilic and
hydrophobic nature of
cellulose is based on its
structural anisotropy.

The hydrophilic behavior of
cellulose is due to the
location of hydroxyl groups
at the equatorial positions of
the glucopyranose rings.

Ref: Gardner, Douglas. Adhesion and Surface
Issues in Cellulose and Nanocellulose. Journal
of Adhesion Science and Technology 22 (2008)
545567
Hydrophobic Versus
Hydrophilic
The axial direction of the glucopyranose ring is
hydrophobic because atoms of CH bonds are located on
the axial positions of the ring.
Ref: Gardner, Douglas. Adhesion and Surface Issues in Cellulose and Nanocellulose.
Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 22 (2008) 545567
Cellulose Adhesion on the
Nanoscale
The ease of adhesion between
pulp fibers that occurs during
papermaking poses challenges
to processing cellulose on the
nanoscale.
The hydrogen bonds present
on the surface of nanofibers
or nanorods or of cellulose are
the key for a better
manageability.
Ref: Gardner, Douglas. Adhesion and Surface Issues in Cellulose and Nanocellulose.
Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 22 (2008) 545567
Cellulose Adhesion on the
Nanoscale
There are four types of
nanocellulose depending on
their manner of fabrication these
include:
(1) bacterial cellulose nanofibers
(2) cellulose nanofibers by
electrospinning
(3) microfibrillated cellulose
fibers and
(4) nanorods or cellulose
whiskers
Ref: Gardner, Douglas. Adhesion and Surface Issues in Cellulose and Nanocellulose.
Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 22 (2008) 545567
Nanoscale cellulose adhesion
prepared by bacterial cellulose
Bacterial cellulose is more
ordered than standard cellulose
The inter- and intra-molecular
binding and/or adhesion is
accomplished through hydrogen
bonding.
Low degree of polymerization
may limit the adhesion through
interpenetrating networks or
mechanical interlocking.
Nanoscale cellulose adhesion
prepared by electrospinning
The surface characteristics of the electrospun cellulose
fibers are strongly dependent on the solvent used to
dissolve the cellulose
The most important criteria of dissolving ability of any
solvent is the value of interaction energy of this
solvent with cellulose
Nanoscale cellulose adhesion
prepared by microfibrillated
cellulose
Interactions that take
place in a composite
between the
reinforcement and the
matrix.
Studies showed that the
tensile strength and
tensile modulus increased
when the cellulosic fibers
were added.
Nanoscale cellulose adhesion
prepared by cellulose whiskers
Whiskers of cellulose have a
hydroxyl-rich surface and in
contact with relatively polar
surfaces will form hydrogen
bonds.

Chemical modifications of the
surface of cellulose whiskers
that increase its
hydrophobicity include
surface acylation and
silylation.
Ref: Gardner, Douglas. Adhesion and Surface Issues in Cellulose and Nanocellulose.
Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 22 (2008) 545567
Cellulose Bonding in Paper
Adhesion theories that have
been examined in the
bonding of cellulose fibers
in paper

The adsorption of
hydrophobic materials on
cellulose fibers
Gardner, Douglas. Adhesion and Surface Issues in Cellulose and Nanocellulose.
Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 22 (2008) 545567
Cellulose Bonding in Paper
The bonding of cellulose fibers
in paper relies primarily on
hydrogen bonding.
Bond strength can also vary
greatly depending on the
methods used to prepare the
fibers
Hydrogen bonding between
fibers requires close proximity
between adjacent hydroxyl
groups (0.250.35 nm).

Cellulose Adhesion in Films
Many researchers have
prepared model surfaces
of cellulose films using
spin coating and spin
casting processes.
The final thickness of
cellulose films is
dependent on the cellulose
concentration of the
solution.

Cellulose Adhesion in Films
Differences in the adhesion
properties between different
degrees of crystalline order

A surface with a lower
degree of crystalline order
has a higher possibility for
reorientation of the surface
groups
Ref: Sczech, Ronny. Molecularly smooth cellulose surfaces for adhesion
studies. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 301 (2006) 376385
Future
A number of studies have promoted the
properties of nanocellulose composites such
as lightweight, strength, biodegradability.
However, only handful specific applications
have shown strong results. Therefore, more
future research should be spent on
researching real world applications, where the
properties and economic justifications are
better than existing materials.

Thank You!!!
Any questions???