ROLL NO.- 2012BTECHME031 SUBMITED TO- MONEESH SHARMA Define - Heat treatment may be defined as: An operation or combination of operations involving Heating and cooling of a metal/alloy in solid state to obtain desirable
Improve ductility Relieve Internal Stresses Refine Grain Size Increase Hardness / Tensile Strength without changing composition / Microstructure Increase Hardness / Tensile Strength with change in composition (Case Hardening) Improve Machine. Alteration in Magnetic Properties Modification of electrical conductivity Improve Toughness Develop recrystallized structure in cold worked metal PURPOSE
Heat Treatment Theory
The various types of heat-treating processes are similar because they all involve the heating and cooling of metals; they differ in the heating temperatures and the cooling rates used and the final results. Ferrous metals (metals with iron) are annealing, normalizing, hardening, and tempering. Nonferrous metals can be annealed, but never tempered, normalized, or case-hardened. Stages of Heat Treatment Soaking - Internal structural changes take place. - soaking period depends on the chemical analysis of the metal and the mass of the part. Cooling Stage - To cool the metal, you can place it in direct contact with a COOLING MEDIUM composed of a gas, liquid, solid, or combination of these.
Stages of Heat Treatment Soaking Period Table 1: Soaking period for Hardening, Annealing and Normalizing Steel.
19 Adapted from Fig. 10.27, Callister 6e. SUMMARY: PROCESSING OPTIONS
Heat Treatment
Bainite coarse fine Austenite Martensite Moderate cooling (AS) Isothermal treatment (PCS) Tempered Martensite Pearlite AS: Alloy Steel PCS: Plain-carbon Steel Slow Cooling Rapid Quench Spheroidite Re-heat Re-heat Slow Cooling Time in region indicates amount of microconstituent! MEDIUM COOLING Cooling Rate, R, is Change in Temp / Time C/s Fast Cooling This steel is very hardenable 100% Martensite in ~ 1 minute of cooling! Heat Treatment Processes Annealing Normalizing Hardening Tempering Fig.: Shows heating ranges for various types of HT Process Annealing Spheroidizing ANNEALING PROCESS
- Annealing is the opposite of hardening - Relieve internal stresses, soften them, make them more ductile, and refine their grain structures. - Cooling method depend on the metal. For command use are furnace cooled. - As the weld cools, internal stresses occur along with hard spots and brittleness. - Annealing is just one of the methods for correcting these problems.
NORMALIZING
- Metal is heated to a higher temperature and then removed from the furnace for air cooling. - Remove the internal stresses induced by heat treating, welding, casting, forging, forming, or machining. - low-carbon steels do not require normalizing (no harmful effects result). - Normalizing is less expensive then annealing. - In normalization variation in properties of different section of a part is achieved. NORMALIZING TEMPERING - To relieve the internal stresses and reduce brittleness, you should temper the steel after it is hardened. - Temperature (below its hardening temperature), holding length of time and cooling (instill air). - Below the low-critical point - Strength, hardness and ductility depend on the temperature (during the tempering process). - The minimum temperature time for tempering should be 1 hour. If the part is more than 1 inch thick, increase the time by 1 hour for each additional inch of thickness. - Tempering relieves quenching stresses and reduces hardness and brittleness Reduces strength, wear resistance and hardness marginally but improves ductility and toughness. Reheat quenched (MS steel) to any temperature below AC 1
Soak
Cool in air or any desired rate TEMPERING High Temperature (500-800 o C) Fe 3 C PPTS as spheroids Soft, ductile, machinable To toughen steel at the cost of hardness (spring steels) To prevent belated cracking Relieve internal stresses produced by quenching. Medium Temperature (250-500 o C) Low Temperature (100-250 o C) TEMPERING HARDENING - Heating the steel to a set temperature and then cooling (quenching) it rapidly by plunging it into oil, water, or brine. - Hardening increases the hardness and strength of the steel, but makes it less ductile. - low-carbon steels do not require because no harmful effects result.(No transformation for martensitic structure) - In practice, 0.80 % C is required for maximum hardness. - When you increase the carbon content beyond 0.80 per cent, there is no increase in hardness, but there is an increase in wear resistance. - This increase in wear resistance is due to the formation of a substance called hard cementite.
Hardenability depends on ? Composition of Austenite : - C alloy content ideal diameter hardenability - C alloy content Ms Quench cracking Grain size of Austenite : - Fine grain / high ASTM no has hardenability - Coarse grain leads to adverse mechanical properties / Quench cracking / Higher RA. Homogeneity of Austenite : - Inhomogeneity nucleates pearlite hardenability - (Hyperutectoid steels have undissolved carbides as inhomogeneities). Hardening HARDENING Case Hardening 1) CARBURIZING - Carbon is added to the surface of low-carbon steel. Two methods carburizing steel. i ) Heating the steel in a furnace containing a carbon monoxide atmosphere. ii) Steel placed in a container packed with charcoal or some other carbon-rich material and then heated in a furnace. - To cool the parts, leave the container in the furnace to cool or remove it and let it air cool.
Case Hardening 2) CYANIDING - Fast and efficient. Preheated steel is dipped into a heated cyanide bath and allowed to soak. - Upon removal, it is quenched and then rinsed to remove any residual cyanide. - This process produces a thin, hard shell that is harder than the one produced by carburizing (completed in 20 to 30 minutes) - Cyanide salts are a deadly poison.
Case Hardening 3) NITRIDING - Methods in that the individual parts have been heat-treated and tempered before nitriding. - The parts are then heated in a furnace that has an ammonia gas atmosphere. - No quenching is required so there is no worry about warping or other types of distortion. - This process is used to case harden items, such as gears, cylinder sleeves, camshafts and other engine parts, that need to be wear resistant and operate in high-heat areas.
Case Hardening 4) FLAME HARDENING - Harden the surface of metal parts. When you use an oxyacetylene flame, a thin layer at the surface of the part is rapidly heated to its critical temperature and then immediately quenched by a combination of a water spray and the cold base metal. - This process produces a thin, hardened surface, and at the same time, the internal parts retain their original properties.
Oxy-Acetylene Welding and Cutting: Electric, Forge and Thermit Welding together with related methods and materials used in metal working and the oxygen process for removal of carbon