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HEAT TREATMENT

SUBMITED BY- UJJWAL PRAKASH


ROLL NO.- 2012BTECHME031
SUBMITED TO- MONEESH SHARMA
Define
- Heat treatment may be defined as:
An operation or combination of
operations
involving
Heating and cooling of a metal/alloy in
solid state
to obtain desirable

Improve ductility
Relieve Internal Stresses
Refine Grain Size
Increase Hardness / Tensile Strength without changing
composition / Microstructure
Increase Hardness / Tensile Strength with change in
composition (Case Hardening)
Improve Machine.
Alteration in Magnetic Properties
Modification of electrical conductivity
Improve Toughness
Develop recrystallized structure in cold worked metal
PURPOSE

Heat Treatment Theory

The various types of heat-treating processes are similar
because they all involve the heating and cooling of metals;
they differ in the heating temperatures and the cooling rates
used and the final results.
Ferrous metals (metals with iron) are annealing, normalizing,
hardening, and tempering.
Nonferrous metals can be annealed, but never tempered,
normalized, or case-hardened.
Stages of Heat Treatment
Soaking
- Internal structural changes take place.
- soaking period depends on the chemical analysis
of the metal and the mass of the part.
Cooling Stage
- To cool the metal, you can place it in direct
contact with a COOLING MEDIUM composed of a
gas, liquid, solid, or combination of these.

Stages of Heat Treatment
Soaking Period
Table 1: Soaking period for Hardening,
Annealing and Normalizing Steel.







19
Adapted from
Fig. 10.27,
Callister 6e.
SUMMARY: PROCESSING OPTIONS

Heat Treatment

Bainite
coarse fine
Austenite
Martensite
Moderate cooling (AS)
Isothermal treatment (PCS)
Tempered
Martensite
Pearlite
AS: Alloy Steel
PCS: Plain-carbon Steel
Slow
Cooling
Rapid
Quench
Spheroidite
Re-heat
Re-heat
Slow Cooling
Time in region
indicates amount of
microconstituent!
MEDIUM
COOLING
Cooling Rate, R, is
Change in Temp /
Time C/s
Fast Cooling
This steel is very
hardenable 100%
Martensite in ~ 1
minute of cooling!
Heat Treatment
Processes
Annealing
Normalizing
Hardening
Tempering
Fig.: Shows heating ranges for various types of HT
Process Annealing
Spheroidizing
ANNEALING PROCESS

- Annealing is the opposite of hardening
- Relieve internal stresses, soften them, make them more ductile,
and refine their grain structures.
- Cooling method depend on the metal. For command use are
furnace cooled.
- As the weld cools, internal stresses occur along with hard spots
and brittleness.
- Annealing is just one of the methods for correcting these
problems.


NORMALIZING

- Metal is heated to a higher temperature and
then removed from the furnace for air cooling.
- Remove the internal stresses induced by heat
treating, welding, casting, forging, forming, or
machining.
- low-carbon steels do not require normalizing (no
harmful effects result).
- Normalizing is less expensive then annealing.
- In normalization variation in properties of different
section of a part is achieved.
NORMALIZING
TEMPERING
- To relieve the internal stresses and reduce brittleness, you should
temper the steel after it is hardened.
- Temperature (below its hardening temperature), holding length of
time and cooling (instill air).
- Below the low-critical point
- Strength, hardness and ductility depend on the temperature
(during the tempering process).
- The minimum temperature time for tempering should be 1 hour. If
the part is more than 1 inch thick, increase the time by 1 hour for
each additional inch of thickness.
- Tempering relieves quenching stresses and reduces hardness and
brittleness
Reduces strength, wear resistance and hardness marginally
but improves ductility and toughness.
Reheat quenched (MS steel) to any temperature below AC
1


Soak

Cool in air or any desired rate
TEMPERING
High Temperature (500-800
o
C)
Fe
3
C PPTS as spheroids
Soft, ductile, machinable
To toughen steel at the cost of
hardness (spring steels)
To prevent belated cracking
Relieve internal stresses produced
by quenching.
Medium Temperature (250-500
o
C)
Low Temperature (100-250
o
C)
TEMPERING
HARDENING
- Heating the steel to a set temperature and then cooling
(quenching) it rapidly by plunging it into oil, water, or brine.
- Hardening increases the hardness and strength of the steel,
but makes it less ductile.
- low-carbon steels do not require because no harmful effects
result.(No transformation for martensitic structure)
- In practice, 0.80 % C is required for maximum hardness.
- When you increase the carbon content beyond 0.80 per cent,
there is no increase in hardness, but there is an increase in
wear resistance.
- This increase in wear resistance is due to the formation of a
substance called hard cementite.





Hardenability depends on ?
Composition of Austenite :
- C alloy content ideal diameter hardenability
- C alloy content Ms Quench cracking
Grain size of Austenite :
- Fine grain / high ASTM no has hardenability
- Coarse grain leads to adverse mechanical properties /
Quench cracking / Higher RA.
Homogeneity of Austenite :
- Inhomogeneity nucleates pearlite hardenability
- (Hyperutectoid steels have undissolved carbides as
inhomogeneities).
Hardening
HARDENING
Case Hardening
1) CARBURIZING
- Carbon is added to the surface of low-carbon steel. Two
methods carburizing steel.
i ) Heating the steel in a furnace containing a carbon
monoxide atmosphere.
ii) Steel placed in a container packed with charcoal or some
other carbon-rich material and then heated in a furnace.
- To cool the parts, leave the container in the furnace to cool or
remove it and let it air cool.




Case Hardening
2) CYANIDING
- Fast and efficient. Preheated steel is dipped into a heated
cyanide bath and allowed to soak.
- Upon removal, it is quenched and then rinsed to remove any
residual cyanide.
- This process produces a thin, hard shell that is harder than the
one produced by carburizing (completed in 20 to 30 minutes)
- Cyanide salts are a deadly poison.



Case Hardening
3) NITRIDING
- Methods in that the individual parts have been heat-treated
and tempered before nitriding.
- The parts are then heated in a furnace that has an ammonia
gas atmosphere.
- No quenching is required so there is no worry about warping
or other types of distortion.
- This process is used to case harden items, such as gears,
cylinder sleeves, camshafts and other engine parts, that need
to be wear resistant and operate in high-heat areas.


Case Hardening
4) FLAME HARDENING
- Harden the surface of metal parts. When you use an
oxyacetylene flame, a thin layer at the surface of the part is
rapidly heated to its critical temperature and then
immediately quenched by a combination of a water spray
and the cold base metal.
- This process produces a thin, hardened surface, and at the
same time, the internal parts retain their original properties.


Case Hardening

4) FLAME HARDENING







Thank you

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