CHAPTER 4: BENDING

STRESSES
1
Normal Stresses in Beams -
Bending
2
Normal Stresses in Beams
the normal stress in the member, which occurs at a point on the cross-sectional area
farthest away from the neutral axis ( N/m
2
= Pa )
M the resultant internal moment, determined from the method of sections and the
equations of equilibrium and calculated about the neutral axis of the cross section ( Nm )
y the perpendicular distance from the neutral axis to a point farthest away from the
neutral axis. This is where
max
acts ( m )
I the moment of inertia of the cross sectional area about the neutral axis ( m
4
)
R radius of curvature ( m )
E Young Modulus ( N/m
2
= Pa )
3
M = = E
I y R
Flexure formula :
Maximum Stresses at a Cross-
Section
Relationships between
signs of bending
moments and
directions of normal
stresses;
(a) +ve bending
moment.
(b) -ve bending
moment.
4
Properties of Plane Areas
5
Properties of Plane Areas.
6
Properties of Plane Areas.
7
Properties of Plane Areas.
8
Combination Shape


I
X/Y
moment of inertia
A cross sectional area
h length between neutral axis

I = (I
G
+ Ah)1+2+3+.
9
Neutral Axis
Unsymmetric Symmetrical


=
yA
A
10
Here is a place holder for the text. The earth flower on this page can be
removed. Picture from PresenterMedia.com
Picture Page Layout
c = y = 0.2/2 = 0.1 m
3kNm
100mm
200mm
I = bh
3
/12 = 0.1 x 0.2
3
/ 12 = 6.667x10
-5
m
4
= Mc
I
= (3kNm)(0.1m)/(6.667x10
-5
m
4
)
= 4.4998 MPa (compression and tension)
12
Example 1: Cantilever Beam
EXAMPLE 2
13
EXAMPLE 3
14
Example 4: Simply Supported Beam
40mm
10mm
100mm
10mm
10mm
80mm
5kN/m
6m
15
Area A :
y
A
= 0.01/2 = 0.005 m;
A
A
= 0.04 x 0.01 = 0.0004 m
2
;
Area B :
y
B
= 0.01 + 0.08/2 = 0.05 m;
A
B
= 0.01 x 0.08 = 0.0008 m
2

Area C :
y
C
= 0.01 + 0.08 + 0.01/2 = 0.095 m;
A
C
= 0.1 x 0.01 = 0.001 m
2

Step 1: Identify value c from neutral axis
40mm
10mm
100mm
10mm
10mm
80mm
A
B
C
Neutral Axis
0
Y
C
Y
B
Y
A
C
1

C
2

c
1
= yA/A
c
1
= [y
A
A
A
+ y
B
A
B
+ y
C
A
C
]/[A
A
+ A
B
+ A
C
]
c
1
= [(0.005 x 0.0004) + (0.05 x 0.0008) + (0.095 x 0.001)] / [0.0004 + 0.0008 + 0.001]
c
1
= 0.062 m
16
Area A :
h
A
= 0.062-0.005=0.057m;
I
A
=3.33x10
-9
m
4

Area B :
h
B
= 0.062-0.050=0.012m;
I
B
= 4.267x10
-7
m
4

Area C :
h
C
= 0.095-0.062=0.033m;
I
C
=8.33x10
-9
m
4

The shape for A,B and C are rectangular Use I = bh
3
/12
Step 2: Determine moment of inertia
40mm
10mm
100mm
10mm
10mm
80mm
A
B
C
Neutral Axis 0
Y
C
Y
B
Y
A
= 0.005m
= 0.05m
= 0.095m
C
1
= 0.062m
C
2
= 0.038m
Total of combination shape; I = (I
G
+ Ah)
I = (I + Ah)
A
+ (I + Ah)
B
+ (I + Ah)
C

= 1.30293x10
-6
m
4
+ 5.419x10
-7
m
4
+ 1.09733x10
-6
m
4

= 2.942x10
-6
m
4
17
Step 3: Determine maximum bending stresses
5kN/m
6m
0 kNm
6m
+22.5kNm
+30kN
-30kN
Shear Force Diagram
Moment Diagram
18
Step 4: Calculate normal stress
I = 2.94216x10
-6
m
4
M
max
=22.5kNm (+ve)

max
= Mc
1

I
= (22.5kN)(0.062)/(2.94216x10
-6
)
= 474.14x10
6
N/m(compression)
= Mc
2

I
= (22.5kN)(0.038)/(2.94216x10
-6
)
= 290.60x10
6
N/m(tension)
compress
tension
40mm
10mm
100mm
10mm
10mm
80mm
A
B
C
Neutral Axis
C
1
= 0.062m
C
2
= 0.038m
19
Maximum bending stress
20
L/2 L/2
L
L
L
M
max
=FL/4
M
max
=FL/8
M
max
=FL
M
max
=FL/2
(F unit N)
(F unit N)
(F unit N/m)
(F unit N/m)
F
F
F
L
If the beam is subjected to a bending moment of M = 20kN.m,
determine the maximum bending stress in the beam.
EXAMPLE 5
21
Example 5: Continue
22
20mm
20mm
20mm
200mm
300m
m
A
B C
Symmetrical
M
Direction bending: POSITIVE BENDING
compres
s
tension
Value c : 0.2m/2 = 0.1m
I = [bh
3
/12]
A
+ [bh
3
/12]
B
+ [bh
3
/12]
C

I = 2[0.02 x 0.2
3
/12] + [0.26 x 0.02
3
/12]
I = 2.684 (10
-5
) m
4

max

= Mc/I = 20(10
3
) x 0.1/2.684 (10
-5
) = 74.5 MPa
M = 20kNm
Example 6
A cast-iron machine part is acted upon by a 3 kNm couple. Knowing E
= 165 GPa and neglecting the effects of fillets, determine (a) the
maximum tensile and compressive stresses, (b) the radius of
curvature.
Example 6: Continue
SOLUTION:
Based on the cross section geometry,
calculate the location of the section centroid
and moment of inertia.
( )

+ = =
'
2
d A I I
A
A y
Y
x
Apply the elastic flexural formula to find
the maximum tensile and compressive
stresses.
I
Mc
m
= o
Calculate the curvature
EI
M
=

1
SOLUTION: Based on the cross section geometry, calculate the location of the
section centroid and moment of inertia.
mm 38
3000
10 114
3
=

=
A
A y
Y
= =
=
=
3
3
3
3 2
10 114 3000
10 4 2 20 1200 30 40 2
10 90 50 1800 90 20 1
mm , mm , mm Area,
A y A
A y y
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
4 9 - 4 3
2 3
12
1
2 3
12
1
2 3
12
1
2
m 10 868 mm 10 868
18 1200 40 30 12 1800 20 90
= =
+ + + =
+ = + =
'
I
d A bh d A I I
x
Example 6: Continue
Apply the elastic flexural formula to find the maximum tensile and compressive stresses.
4 9
4 9
m 10 868
m 038 . 0 m kN 3
m 10 868
m 022 . 0 m kN 3

= =


= =
=
I
c M
I
c M
I
Mc
B
B
A
A
m
o
o
o
MPa 0 . 76 + =
A
o
MPa 3 . 131 =
B
o
Calculate the curvature
( )( )
4 9 -
m 10 868 GPa 165
m kN 3
1

=
=
EI
M

m 7 . 47
m 10 95 . 20
1
1 - 3
=
=

Example 6: Continue