Review of Related

Literature
(Group II)
Introduction
The statement of the research problem and the
literature review are mutually supportive. The
statement of the research problem clearly defines the
subject area to be treated. The literature review
demonstrates that the research problem has received
prior attention, and shows that further research is
needed to resolve the problem. James B. Fisher
states, To be EFFECTIVE, a literature review must be
CLEAR, COHERENT, and PERSUASIVE analysis of
the current state of the literature.
These materials are classified as:
1. Legal Bases. This is to determine the
relevance of the study to the governments
thrust. The major sources of related legal bases
are laws and department directives such as,
circulars, orders, memoranda, etc. These laws
and department directives serve as legal basis
for the paradigm of the study.
Example:
Republic Act No. 7164 known as the Philippine Nursing Act of 1991 defines
professional nursing as the performance for a fee, salary, or other reward or
compensation toward the promotion of health, and alleviation of suffering
through utilization of nursing process. (LEGAL BASIS).
The foregoing professional nursing definition explicitly expressed that nurses
practice their profession for a fee or salary commensurate with their work in
order to satisfy their needs and wants to cope with the fast changing world. In
other words, the performance of a particular job affects nurses values
especially if nurses meet the problems related to their job in the hospital, hence,
promotion of health services cannot be attained. (EXPLANATION OF THE
LEGAL BASIS)

2. Related Literature. It is a section in a
research paper, thesis dissertation, and
research project in which the sources are taken
from books, journals, magazines, novels, poetry,
etc that contains facts, laws, theories and other
documented observations.
Example:
Murrays (1998) article on nurse executives leadership roles
stated that chief nursing officers (CNO) leave their position due to
lack of power conflict with chief executive officer (CEO), and
inadequate nursing personnel. [Related literature by Bruce P.
Murray. 1998. Nurse Executives Leadership Roles. Journal
of Nursing Administration. 28(6):48. (June 1998)].
The article of Murray has bearing to the present study because
staff nurses performance would be affected if the middle
managers or chief nursing officers have conflict with the chief
executive officer or top manager and with problems met related to
their job, for instance, inadequate nursing personnel.
(EXPLANATION OF THE RELATED LITERATURE)

3. Related Studies - refers to theses, dissertation
and research studied substantially characterized by the
presence of the following part: research problems,
hypotheses, objectives, related literature, methodology,
findings, conclusions and recommendations and
bibliography. Published and unpublished research
studies are sources of materials that included in this
section. This studies are segregated into foreign and
local studies.
Example of LOCAL STUDY:
In 1999, Sultan in her study on perceived sources of stress among staff
nurses at a tertiary hospital in Quezon City, found out that lack of
administrative support and no rewards were perceived by staff nurses
as the most stressing (Related local study by Vilma Sultan. 1999.
Perceived Sources of Stress Among Staff Nurses at Tertiary
Hospital in Quezon City. MA Thesis in Nursing. Central Philippine
University, Iloilo City, Philippines.)
Sultans study has bearing to the present study because lack of
administrative support, no rewards, and no opportunities for career
development are among the job-related problems met by staff nurses in
private and government hospitals in Iloilo City which block their way to
perform effectively and efficiently. (EXPLANATION OF THE RELATED
STUDY)
Importance, Purpose and Functions of
Related Literature and Studies
Related literature and studies serve as a
guide for the researcher in pursuing his
research venture. Reviewed literature and
studies help or guide the researcher in the
following ways:
1. They help or guide the researcher in searching for
or selecting a better research problem or topic. By
reviewing related materials, a replication of a similar
problem may be found better than the problem
already chosen. Replication is the study of research
problem already conducted but in another place.
2. They help the investigator understand his topic for
research better. Reviewing related literature and
studies may clarify vague points about his problem.

3. They ensure that there will be no duplication of
other studies. There is duplication if an investigation
already made is conducted again in the same locale
using the same respondents. This is avoided if a
survey of related literature and studies be made first.
4. They help and guide the researcher in locating
more sources of related information. This is because
the bibliography of a study already conducted indicate
reference about similar studies.

5. They help and guide the researcher in making his
research design.
6. They help and guide the researcher in making
comparisons between findings with the findings of
other researchers on similar studies with the end view
of formulating generalizations or principles which are
the contributions of the study to the fund of knowledge.
Guidelines in Citing Related
Literature and Studies



A. Characteristics of the Materials Cited

1. The materials must be as recent as possible. This is
important because of the rapid social. Political,
scientific, and technological changes. Discoveries in
historical and archaeological research have also
change some historical facts. So, finding fifteen years
ago may have little value today unless the study is a
comparative inquiry about the past and the present.
Mathematical and statistical procedures, however, are
a little more stable.

A. Characteristics of the Materials Cited

2. Materials must be as objective and unbiased as
possible. Some materials are extremely one sided,
either politically or religiously biased. These should be
avoided.
3. Materials must be relevant to the study. Only
materials that have some similarity to or being on the
problem researched on, should be cited.


A. Characteristics of the Materials Cited

4. Surveyed materials must have been based upon
genuinely original and true facts or data to make
them valid and reliable. There are cases where
fictitious data are supplied just to complete a
research report.


A. Characteristics of the Materials Cited

5. Materials must not be too few but not too many.
They must be sufficient enough to give the researcher
insights into his problem or to indicate the nature of the
present investigation. The number may also depend
upon the availability of related materials. Ordinarily
fifteen to twenty-five may do for a masters thesis and
from twenty and above for a doctoral dissertation,
Depending upon their availability and depth and length
of discussion. For undergraduate theses about ten
may do.



A. Characteristics of the Materials Cited

B. Sources of Related Literature and Studies
The sources of related literature and studies may
include the following.
1. Books, encyclopedias, almanacs and other
similar references
2. Articles published in professional journals,
magazines, periodicals, newspapers and other
publications.
3. Manuscripts, monographs, memoirs, speeches,
letters and diaries

B. Sources of Related Literature and Studies
4. Unpublished theses and dissertations.
5. The Constitution and laws and statutes of the land.
6. Bulletins, circulars and other emanating from
government offices and departments.
7. Records of schools, public and private, especially
reports and other activities.
8. Reports from seminars, educational or otherwise.
9. Official reports of all kinds, educational, social,
economic, scientific, technological, political, etc. from
the government and other entities

B. Sources of Related Literature and Studies
C. Ways of Citing Related Literature and Studies
By author or writer. In this method the ideas, facts or
principles, although they have the same meaning, are
explained or discussed separately and cited in the
footnote with their respective authors or writers
Examples: According to Enriquez, praise helps much
in learning, etc., (Enriquez, 1981)
Maglaque found out that praise is an important factor
in learning, etc., (Maglaque, 1984)
C. Ways of Citing Related Literature and Studies
By topic. In this case, if different authors or writers have the
same opinion about the same topic, the topics is discussed
ans cited under the names of the authors or writers. This is a
summary of their opinions. This is to avoid separate and long
discussions of the same topic.
Example: It has been found out that praise is an important aid in
learning of children. (Enriquez, 1981)
Several authors have suggested that automated testing should
be more readily accepted (Balcer, 1989; Stahl, 1989; Carver
and Tai, 1991)."
C. Ways of Citing Related Literature and Studies
Chronological. Related materials may also be cited
chronologically, that is, according to the year they
were written. Materials which were written earlier
should be cited first before those which were written
later. This can be done especially when citation is by
author or writer. If citation is by topic, chronological
citation can be done in the footnote.

C. Ways of Citing Related Literature and Studies
Example:
The general text for the area of information retrieval is more
than 10 years old (Salton and McGill, Introduction to Modern
Information Retrieval, 1983). Yet, the methods of information
retrieval mentioned are still relevant today. Van Rijsbergen (1979)
describes probabilistic retrieval, which is the model that the
Bayesian network implementation of information retrieval system
is based on. Of the implementations of such systems, Turtle's
(1990) implementation appears to be the most well-known and
demonstrates superior performance compared to Boolean and
vector space methods. Ghazfan et al. (1994) have produced a
different implementation which has not been tested in an actual
information retrieval system. It is the purpose of this investigation
to obtain performance results in an actual information retrieval
system.
:Note how this example moves from distant
to close (in terms of relevance and
applicability as well as chronologically). It
moves from 1) the broader historical context
to 2) the implementation which
demonstrates superior performance, and
then to 3) the implementation which
provides the model to be tested for the
study.
It should be emphasized that only the major
findings, ideas, generalizations, principles, or
conclusions in related materials relevant to the
problem under investigation should be discussed
in this chapter. Generally, such findings, ideas,
generalizations, principles, or conclusions are
summarized, paraphrased, or synthesized.
D. What to Cite
A material may be quoted if the idea
conveyed is so perfectly stated or it is
controversial and it is not too long. It is
written single spaced with wider margins at
the left and right sides of the paper but
without any quotation marks.
E. Quoting a Material
Example: Suppose the following is a quotation:

Said Enriquez,

Praise is an important factor in childrens
learning. It encourages them to study their lessons
harder. Praise, however, should be given
appropriately.

F. Justification of the Study
It should be made clear that there is no duplication of other
studies. The present inquiry may only be a replication of another
study. It should be stressed also that inspite of similar studies, the
present study is still necessary to find out if the findings of studies
in other places are also true in the local of the present study.
There may also be a need to continue with the present
investigation to affirm or negate the findings of other inquiries
about the same research problem or topic so that generalizations
or principles may be formulated. These generalizations and
principles would be the contributions of the present investigation
together with other studies to fund of knowledge. This is one of
the more important purposes of research; the contribution that it
can give to the fund of knowledge.
G. Synthesis
It should be emphasized in this area that the
major findings, ideas, generalizations, principles or
conclusions in related materials relevant to the
problem under investigation. Generally, such
findings, ideas, generalizations, principles or
conclusions are summarized, paraphrased, or
synthesized.
Easy Steps in Writing Related
Literature and Studies

Steps:
1. Researcher should always be guided by the topic
under the investigation. It is suggested that the student
should be able to identify the variables of the study, the
problems, the scope and delimitation and methodology
2. Write down in a separate sheet or in index card the
titles of the theses, dissertations and other materials
researched. Write down the call number, the title, author,
date od publication, the school (for theses/dissertations)
these will help you find the materials with ease.

Steps:
3. In the actual searching of materials, it is advisable that for
every topic researched one index card or paper be used. This is to
avoid the possibility of placing different topics in one card. After
the information has been written, always write in the card the
source of the information. Correct bibliographic entries should be
observed. Label the card with Related Literature or Related
Studies.
4. After a reasonable search has been made, the index card
should be arranged by topic. Separate the card for related
literature and the related studies

Steps:
5. Organize the related literature and related studies
reviewed. Group together similar topics or related studies.
6. Write a summative description of the research literature
and studies undertaken noting among others, the
problems/objectives of the study, the scope, hypotheses and
methodology.
7. Compare the related studied reviewed with the current
study. Always take note of the similarities and differences
between the previous studies reviewed and the present
investigation.