Differential Relays Steve Turner Beckwith Electric Co., Inc. Testing Numerical Transformer Differential Relays Commissioning versus Maintenance Testing
Types of Transformer Differential Protection: Restrained Phase Differential High Set Phase Differential Ground Differential INTRODUCTION Testing Numerical Transformer Differential Relays Topics: Transformer Differential Boundary Test (Commissioning) Ground Differential Sensitivity Test (Commissioning/Maintenance) Harmonic Restraint for Transformer Inrush (Maintenance) INTRODUCTION Testing Numerical Transformer Differential Relays Commissioning
Common Practice: Test all numerical relay settings verify settings properly entered Easily facilitated using computer automate test set & store results Hundreds of tests are possible numerical relays have many settings
Final Goal Ensure the transformer is properly protected for the particular application Testing Numerical Transformer Differential Relays R G 46 Typical Distribution Transformer 46: Negative-Sequence Overcurrent Element (sees ground faults through bank) R G : Grounding Resistor (Industrial Load) Testing Numerical Transformer Differential Relays
R G 46 E + Z T Z T Z T 3R G 46 I 2 Sensitive setting for ground fault - overreach for phase-to-phase fault Testing Numerical Transformer Differential Relays
Transformer Differential Characteristic Boundary Test I 2 I 1 87 Y Y Y Y I 1 = Winding 1 per unit current (A, B or C-phase)
I 2 = Winding 2 per unit current (A, B or C-phase) 3 elements per function (A, B & C-phase)
* Simulate Through Current Testing Numerical Transformer Differential Relays
Differential Characteristic Operating Equations I d = |I 1 I 2 |, Differential Current I r = |I 1 | + |I 2 |, Restraint Current 2 Testing Numerical Transformer Differential Relays
Differential Characteristic I d I r Minimum Pickup (per unit) X Y % = Y X *100% Testing Numerical Transformer Differential Relays
Differential Characteristic I d I r Minimum Pickup Testing Numerical Transformer Differential Relays
Matrix I d I r [ ] = 1 -1
[ ] * I 1 I 2 [ ] Testing Numerical Transformer Differential Relays
Inverted Matrix I 1 I 2 [ ] = 1 - 1 [ ] * I d I r [ ] Testing Numerical Transformer Differential Relays
Differential Characteristic Test Current Equations I 1 = 0.5*I d + I r , Winding 1 Test Current (per unit) I 2 = -0.5*I d + I r , Winding 2 Test Current (per unit) Testing Numerical Transformer Differential Relays Differential Characteristic Test Points I d I r Minimum Pickup Minimum Pickup = 0.2 per unit Slope = 28.6% 1 2 3 4 Testing Numerical Transformer Differential Relays Differential Characteristic Test Points (Per Unit) I d I r I 1 I 2 1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.2
0.2 0.7 0.8 0.6
0.4 1.4 1.6 1.2
0.6 2.0 2.3 1.7 2 3 4 TABLE 1 Testing Numerical Transformer Differential Relays Delta-Wye Differential Characteristic I 2 I 1 87 Y Y Y I 1 = Winding 1 per unit current (A, B or C-phase)
I 2 = Winding 2 per unit current (A, B or C-phase) 3 elements per relay (A, B & C-phase)
* Simulate Through Current DAB Testing Numerical Transformer Differential Relays Delta-Wye Differential Characteristic (Relay Internally Compensates Test Currents) I A1 relay = I A1 /TAP1 DAB WINDING I B1 relay = I B1 /TAP1 I C1 relay = I B1 /TAP1 I A2 relay = (I A2 - I B2 )/(TAP2*SQRT(3)) WYE WINDING I B2 relay = (I B2 - I C2 )/(TAP2*SQRT(3))
I C2 relay = (I C2 - I A2 )/(TAP2*SQRT(3)) TAP# = MVA# kV# LL *CTR#*SQRT(3) Testing Numerical Transformer Differential Relays Delta-Wye Differential Characteristic (Single-Phase Test for A-Phase Element) I d I r I 1 I 2
0.2 0.7 0.8 0.6 2 From TABLE 1: I A1 = I 1 *TAP1 I A2 = I 2 *TAP2*SQRT(3) I A1 test = 0.8*TAP1 I A2 test = 0.6*TAP2*SQRT(3) Testing Numerical Transformer Differential Relays Ground Differential Element Sensitivity Test Directionality
(I 0 vs. I G ) Ground Fault Location along Windings Testing Numerical Transformer Differential Relays Ground Differential Element Directional Element +90 o -90 o I G I 0 Disabled if |3I 0 | less than 140 mA (Improves Security for CT saturation during external faults) Internal External Testing Numerical Transformer Differential Relays Ground Differential Element Pickup Operate When: |3I 0 I G | > Pickup Testing Numerical Transformer Differential Relays Ground Differential Element Sensitivity Test Power System Parameters: Source Impedance (Varies) X T = 10% R F (Varies) Ground Fault Location (5% from Transformer Neutral) Testing Numerical Transformer Differential Relays 87GD Sensitivity 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Source Impedance F a u l t
R e s i s t a n c e IG = 200 mA IG = 500 mA IG = 1 Amp Ground Differential Element R F Coverage vs. Source Strength Testing Numerical Transformer Differential Relays Ground Differential Element Pickup Setting Cold Load Pickup Reclosing into Single-Phase Load Pickup > Unbalance Directional Element Disabled if 3I 0 Low I G R Testing Numerical Transformer Differential Relays I G2 = 0.3 Amps @ 177 o 3I 0 (2) = 0.136 Amps @ 58 o (Threshold = 0.14 Amps) |CTCF*3I 0 (2) I G2 | = 0.75 Amps
Original Pickup = 0.3 Amps Testing Numerical Transformer Differential Relays I G2 CTCF*3I 0 (2) INTERNAL EXTERNAL I OP New Pickup = 1.0 Amps Directional Element Testing Numerical Transformer Differential Relays Even Harmonic Restraint during Inrush COMTRADE PLAYBACK Waveform Sources: Events from Numerical Relays Events from Digital Fault Recorders Simulate using Transient Software Testing Numerical Transformer Differential Relays Even Harmonic Restraint during Inrush Traditional Approach 2 nd Harmonic Restraint Cross Phase Blocking Testing Numerical Transformer Differential Relays Even Harmonic Restraint during Inrush Auto-Transformer Model wye wye delta 13.2 kV 345 kV
230 kV W 1 W 2
W 3
600 MVA Auto-Transformer (Tertiary Winding DAC) Testing Numerical Transformer Differential Relays Auto-transformer Characteristics Z HM = 0.01073 per unit Z HL = 0.04777 per unit Z ML = 0.03123 per unit 2 ML HL HM Z Z Z = 0.0140 per unit 2 HL ML HM Z Z Z = -0.0029 per unit 2 HM ML HL Z Z Z CTR W1 = 1200:5 (wye connected) CTR W2 = 2000:5 (wye connected) Even Harmonic Restraint during Inrush Auto-Transformer Model Z H = Z M = Z L = = 0.0340 per unit Testing Numerical Transformer Differential Relays Even Harmonic Restraint during Inrush Auto-Transformer Model TAP1 = 600 MVA 345 kV * 240 * SQRT(3) TAP2 = 600 MVA 230 kV * 400 * SQRT(3) = 4.18 = 3.77 Minimum Pickup* = 0.5 per unit Slope = 25% *Original Pickup = 0.45 per unit Testing Numerical Transformer Differential Relays Even Harmonic Restraint during Inrush Energize Bank with Heavy A-Phase Residual Flux Total Phase Current Testing Numerical Transformer Differential Relays Even Harmonic Restraint during Inrush Energize Bank with Heavy A-Phase Residual Flux 2 nd Harmonic Phase Current Testing Numerical Transformer Differential Relays Even Harmonic Restraint
I even = (I 2 2 + I 4 2 ) 1/2 Testing Numerical Transformer Differential Relays Even Harmonic Restraint during Inrush Energize Bank with Heavy A-Phase Residual Flux 4 th Harmonic Phase Current Testing Numerical Transformer Differential Relays Even Harmonic Restraint during Inrush A-Phase Current (Winding 2) Testing Numerical Transformer Differential Relays CONCLUSIONS Testing Numerical Transformer Differential Relays Transformer Differential Boundary Test (Commissioning) Ground Differential Sensitivity Test (Commissioning/Maintenance) Harmonic Restraint for Transformer Inrush (Maintenance) CONCLUSIONS Testing Numerical Transformer Differential Relays QUESTIONS