Water Pollution

Hospital Wastewater
Physicochemical parameters
Microbial Contamination

Water pollution in Pakistan

Ayub Teaching Hospital-Wastewater Discharge


To assess physicochemical & microbial
contamination in Hospital wastewater, Drain water
and Ground water,

To investigate interactions between wastewater and
ground water

Health risk assessment for microbial contamination
in ground water of Usmanabad and Officers colony.


AYUB TEACHING ABBOTTABAD

USMANABAD

OFFICERS COLONY

Water quality analysis

Questionnaire survey

Risk analysis


Sampling Points;

Hospital outlet/treatment plant inlet
Treatment plant outlet
Upstream of treatment plant
Downstream of treatment plant
Ground water sampling

Sampling type selected was Composite Sampling

Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)
BOD
5
= DO
i -
DO
f
./p

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)

Chloride Content of Water by Mohrs Method
Chloride (mg/L) = (A-B)N35.51000/ ml of sample

Microbial analysis
Most probable number (mpn) method



Stratification

Sample size
Online macorr calculator

Questionnaire developing
Demographic information
Drinking water sources
Health issues

Risk assessment paradigm for pathogen health
risks

Problem Formulation
Exposure Assessment
Dose Response
Risk Characterization

Data of questionnaire survey

Geological information

Stream water quality
8
22
3.3
5.3
358
702
219
87
3800
7.7
23
7.5
5
357
683
24
170
2750
1
10
100
1000
10000
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

Parameters
Physico-Chemical Parameters at Inlet & Outlet
8
24
600
325
10
180
4100
8.4
4.5
7.8
23
630
332
8
236
5250
6.8
4.1
1
10
100
1000
10000
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

Parameters
Physico-Chemical Parameters at Upstream &
Downstream
Sample Points Presumptive test
+ve tubes (24 hrs)
MPN/100 ml Confirmed test
+ve plates
MPN/100 ml
Inlet 5-5-5 >2400 5-5-5 >2400
Outlet 5-5-5 >2400 5-5-5 >2400
Upstream 5-5-5 >2400 5-5-5 >2400
Downstream 5-5-5 >2400 5-5-5 >2400
MPN of E.coli in Hospital wastewater at Inlet, Outlet, Upstream &
Downstream
8.73
8.11
8.35
8.11
8.29
8.08
8
7.6
7.8
8
8.2
8.4
8.6
8.8
G 1 G 2 G 3 G 4 G 5 G 6 G 7
Ground Water Samples
pH
21.3 21.3
21.6
21.7
21
21.7
23.2
19.5
20
20.5
21
21.5
22
22.5
23
23.5
G 1 G 2 G 3 G 4 G 5 G 6 G 7
Ground Water samples
Temperature
349
629
418
612
592
597
345
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
G 1 G 2 G 3 G 4 G 5 G 6 G 7
Ground Water Samples
Conductivity
0
1.7
49
46
181
11
8.5 9.3
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
Ground water samples
Turbidity
181
387
217
318
307
311
178
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
G 1 G 2 G 3 G 4 G 5 G 6 G 7
Ground Water Samples
TDS
8.73
8.11
8.35
8.11
8.29
8.08
8
7.6
7.8
8
8.2
8.4
8.6
8.8
G 1 G 2 G 3 G 4 G 5 G 6 G 7
Ground water Samples
CHLORIDES
4000
3600
4750
1850
1650
6050
3875
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
G 1 G 2 G 3 G 4 G 5 G 6 G 7
Ground Water samples
COD
123
110
146
56
50
186
119
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
G 1 G 2 G 3 G 4 G 5 G 6 G 7
Ground Water Samples
BOD
Samples
Presumptive test
+ve tubes (24
hrs)
MPN / 100 ml Confirmed test
+ve plates
MPN / 100 ml
G 1
5-4-4 350 5-4-4 350
G 2
5-5-3 900 5-5-3 900
G 3
5-5-5 >2400 5-5-5 >2400
G 4
5-5-4 1600 5-5-4 1600
G 5
5-5-4 1600 5-5-4 1600
G 6
5-5-4 1600 5-5-4 1600
G 7
5-5-3 900 5-5-5 900
MPN of E.coli in Ground Water
0
5
10
15
20
25
5year-10year 10-20year 20-30year 30-40 year 40-50 year above 50 year
1 2 3 4 5 6
COMMON DISEASES
Malaria
COMMON DISEASES
Typhoid
COMMON DISEASES
Gastro
COMMON DISEASES
Skin Allergy
Risk Characterization:
D = C DI
D = C DI x 365

Biological Risks


Sample Number MPN Ecoli Daily water
Intake (L)
Daily Dose Pathogenic
Intake (Day)
Pathogen intake
(year)
G1 350 2 7000 532 194180
G2 900 2 18000 1368 499320
G3 2400 2 48000 3648 1331520
G4 1600 2 32000 2432 887680
G5 1600 2 32000 2432 887680
G6 1600 2 32000 2432 887680
G7 900 2 18000 1368 499320
AVERAGE 1336 2 26710 2030 741050

Calculations of Daily and Yearly Doses

Sample Number Alpha N50 P (Daily) P (yearly)
G1
0.1778 86000000 5.31526E-05 1.9E-02
G2
0.1778 86000000 1.36674E-04 4.9E-02
G3
0.1778 86000000 3.64437E-04 1.3E-01
G4
0.1778 86000000 2.42968E-04 8.6E-02
G5
0.1778 86000000 2.42968E-04 8.6E-02
G6
0.1778 86000000 2.42968E-04 8.6E-02
G7
0.1778 86000000 1.36674E-04 4.9E-02
AVERAGE
0.1778 86000000 2.02838E-04 7.2E-02

Calculations of Daily and Yearly Risk of Infection (P)

Hospital is discharging highly contaminated water with higher
loads of microbial contamination

The physico-chemical & Microbial parameters values of all the
samples exceed the standards provided by WHO and Pak-NEQS

Treatment plant in hospital is not working properly, and treatment
efficiency is negligible

Hospital wastewater has the potential to causes health risk to the
inhabitants of hospital surrounding area

Drain water and ground water are also highly contaminated due to
addition of hospital waste water