Vitamin B

Vitamin B
12
12
(Cobalamin)
(Cobalamin)
Group 3:
Group 3:
Giselle Garces
Giselle Garces
Kristen Kohn
Kristen Kohn
Ryan Malloney
Ryan Malloney

Vitamins
Vitamins
- organic molecules required only
- organic molecules required only
in trace amounts that must be obtained
in trace amounts that must be obtained
through diet. Vitamins are a dietary
through diet. Vitamins are a dietary
necessity for humans because we do not
necessity for humans because we do not
have the ability to synthesize them.
have the ability to synthesize them.
( source: our favorite textbook) ( source: our favorite textbook)

Vitamin B
Vitamin B
12
12

art of the com!lex of " vitamins# vitamin

art of the com!lex of " vitamins# vitamin
"
"
$% $%
is one of the most intricate vitamins.
is one of the most intricate vitamins.

&t is water soluble'

&t is water soluble'

Vitamin "
Vitamin "
$% $%
is bound to the !rotein in
is bound to the !rotein in
foods. (uring digestion# )*l releases the
foods. (uring digestion# )*l releases the
"
"
$% $%
from the !rotein and it combines with
from the !rotein and it combines with
&ntrinsic +actor before being absorbed into
&ntrinsic +actor before being absorbed into
the bloodstream.
the bloodstream.

What oes Vitamin B
12
!oo"
!i"e#

Where $ou Can Get %ome
Vitamin B
12
&

Mostly animal products:

Meat

Fish

Eggs

Milk and Milk products like yogurt

Some foods that are not natural sources are

fortified with Vitamin B
12
:

Breakfast Cereals

Bread

So, This
So, This
Thanksgiving
Thanksgiving
Turkey
Turkey
Mashed Potatoes
Mashed Potatoes
Cranberry Sauce
Cranberry Sauce
Deviled Eggs
Deviled Eggs
Pumpkin Pie
Pumpkin Pie
!hich of these
!hich of these
will pro"ide you with
will pro"ide you with
plenty of "itamin
plenty of "itamin
B
B
12 12
#
#

''' Gi(en the sources)
''' Gi(en the sources)
*ho +o you thin" mi,ht
*ho +o you thin" mi,ht
be at the ,reatest ris"
be at the ,reatest ris"
-or Vitamin B
-or Vitamin B
12
12

+e.ciency#
+e.ciency#

Vegetarians (especially
Vegetarians (especially
Vegans)
Vegans)

Elderly
Elderly

People with gastro-

People with gastro-
intestinal damage
intestinal damage

/un /act 01&
/un /act 01&
, Vitamin "
$%
is excreted in bile# but the body is
able to reabsorb a large !ercentage. eo!le who
consume diets very low in "
$%
may actually be
reabsorbing more than they absorb from diet.
-his is why it can take u! to %. years to show
sym!toms of deficiency in !eo!le who have
recently changed to low-"
$%
diets. &f there is a
com!lete absor!tion failure# however# deficiency
sym!toms can occur in / years.

/un /act 02&
/un /act 02&
,
0 study done of a grou!
of &ranian vegetarians
revealed that they
consume adequate
dietary "
$%
from
unwashed fruits and
vegetables fertilized with
human manure. )uman
feces contain significant
amounts of vitamin "
$%
.

1o use B
1o use B
12 12
) our bo+y re2uires 3 pepti+es
) our bo+y re2uires 3 pepti+es
to +eli(er it to appropriate tissues an+
to +eli(er it to appropriate tissues an+
4 en5ymes to re+uce it to a -orm *here
4 en5ymes to re+uce it to a -orm *here
it can be -unctional6 1here-ore) it is
it can be -unctional6 1here-ore) it is
necessary to ,et su7cient B
necessary to ,et su7cient B
12 12
-rom the
-rom the
+iet to pre(ent +e.ciency6
+iet to pre(ent +e.ciency6
%o86shoul+ *e raise the R9###
%o86shoul+ *e raise the R9###

%houl+ We Raise the R9#
%houl+ We Raise the R9#

Many researchers recommend raising the current Many researchers recommend raising the current
RDI for B RDI for B
12 12
in order to prevent developmental in order to prevent developmental
abnormalities and diseases of old age. abnormalities and diseases of old age.

Another argument for raising the RDI comes from Another argument for raising the RDI comes from
recent evidence that B recent evidence that B
12 12
may help prevent cancer: may help prevent cancer:

here is evidence that common !"# alter proteins responsible here is evidence that common !"# alter proteins responsible
for absorption$ transport$ and metabolism of B for absorption$ transport$ and metabolism of B
12 12
and folate to and folate to
their active forms. Decreased e%iciency re&uires more B their active forms. Decreased e%iciency re&uires more B
12 12
to to
meet body's needs. meet body's needs.

B B
12 12
also has been sho(n to prevent chromosomal damage$ also has been sho(n to prevent chromosomal damage$
therefore leading to increased genomic stability and decreased therefore leading to increased genomic stability and decreased
cancer ris)$ regardless of e*posure to carcinogens. cancer ris)$ regardless of e*posure to carcinogens.

Current R9s
Current R9s
!i-e
!i-e
%ta,e
%ta,e
Men
Men
Women
Women
:re,nan
:re,nan
t
t
!actatin
!actatin
,
,
1;<
1;<
264 mc,
264 mc,
264 mc,
264 mc,
=ll =,es
=ll =,es
26> mc,
26> mc,
26? mc,
26? mc,
Results o- t*o national sur(eys) the @ational Aealth an+ @utrition Results o- t*o national sur(eys) the @ational Aealth an+ @utrition
BCamination %ur(ey (@A=@B% 999D1;??D;1) (?) an+ the Continuin, BCamination %ur(ey (@A=@B% 999D1;??D;1) (?) an+ the Continuin,
%ur(ey o- /oo+ 9nta"es by 9n+i(i+uals (C%/99 1;;4D;>) (E) -oun+ that %ur(ey o- /oo+ 9nta"es by 9n+i(i+uals (C%/99 1;;4D;>) (E) -oun+ that
most a+ult men an+ *omen consume recommen+e+ amounts o- most a+ult men an+ *omen consume recommen+e+ amounts o-
(itamin B12 (>D?)6 (itamin B12 (>D?)6

B
12
e.ciency

1acrocytic 0nemia

2euro!sychiatric 3ym!toms (es!. in

4lderly)

*hromosome (amage

/un /act 03&
/un /act 03&
Folate (Folic Acid) can mask signs of "
$%
deficiency
because it can correct macrocytic anemia# which
is often the first sym!tom ex!erienced in "
$%
deficiency. -he folate won5t correct the
deficiency# however# and because it goes
undetected severe nerve damage can occur.

Macrocytic =nemia
Macrocytic =nemia
D
D
Macrocytic
Macrocytic
means re+ bloo+ cells that are
means re+ bloo+ cells that are
lar,er than normal
lar,er than normal
D
D
Macrocytic Anemia
Macrocytic Anemia
is cause+ by retar+e+
is cause+ by retar+e+
@= synthesis) *hich is the result o- B
@= synthesis) *hich is the result o- B
12 12
+e.ciency because B
+e.ciency because B
12 12
is re2uire+ -or
is re2uire+ -or
thymidylate
thymidylate
an+
an+
purine synthesis
purine synthesis
6
6


D
D
B
B
12 12
Toxicity
Toxicity
can lea+ to
can lea+ to
polycythemia
polycythemia
) or
) or


o(erpro+uction o- re+ bloo+ cells6 1his is
o(erpro+uction o- re+ bloo+ cells6 1his is


in+icate+ by a hematocrit o(er 3F6
in+icate+ by a hematocrit o(er 3F6



@eurolo,ical BGects

"
$%
is im!ortant in the synthesis of fatty
acids that are required for formation of the
!rotein Myelin. 1yelin is the biggest
com!onent of the Myelin Sheath (yes# hence
the name) which surrounds and serves as
insulation for nerve fibers. (disintegration of
these sheaths is also res!onsible for Multiple
Sclerosis)

/un /act 04&
/un /act 04&
, 4x!osure to Nitrous Oxide can cause "
$%

deficiency in cases of abuse# anesthesia usage
during surgery# or occu!ational ex!osure for
hos!ital workers.
, 26 actually inactivates B
12
# so while those
affected have enough in their system# they are
effectively "
$%
deficient.

Chromosome ama,e

-here is evidence that vitamin "

$%

deficiency damages the chromosomes in
white blood cells# leading to reduced
numbers of white blood cells which in
turn causes immune system !roblems.

So, In Conclusion
So, In Conclusion
H
Bat lots o- tur"ey an+ e,, or +airy pro+ucts
Bat lots o- tur"ey an+ e,, or +airy pro+ucts
this 1han"s,i(in, (9 suppose e,,no, counts)
this 1han"s,i(in, (9 suppose e,,no, counts)
H
Ma"e sure your ,ran+parents +o the same
Ma"e sure your ,ran+parents +o the same
H
Corner any (e,ans or (e,etarians present
Corner any (e,ans or (e,etarians present
an+ tell them to stoc" up on -orti.e+ -oo+s
an+ tell them to stoc" up on -orti.e+ -oo+s
an+ loo" into +ietary supplements6 1ell them
an+ loo" into +ietary supplements6 1ell them
scary results o- +e.ciency that you learne+
scary results o- +e.ciency that you learne+
in biochem6
in biochem6
H
IGer to help -ertili5e their -ruits an+ (e,,ies
IGer to help -ertili5e their -ruits an+ (e,,ies
i- they +onJt seem inspire+ to -ollo* your
i- they +onJt seem inspire+ to -ollo* your
a+(ice6
a+(ice6

Re-erences
Re-erences

http://www.vegsoc.org/info/b1.html http://www.vegsoc.org/info/b1.html
!his goes to the Vegetarian "ociety#s !his goes to the Vegetarian "ociety#s
$1 info sheet. $1 info sheet.
%
http://www.ce.&del.ed&/'pei/b1.html http://www.ce.&del.ed&/'pei/b1.html - !his is where - !his is where
we got the str&ct&re of $1 pic. we got the str&ct&re of $1 pic.
%
http://www.vrg.org/n&trition/b1.htm http://www.vrg.org/n&trition/b1.htm - (eneral $1 - (eneral $1
info from the Vegetarian )eso&rce (ro&p info from the Vegetarian )eso&rce (ro&p
%
http://www.cc.nih.gov/ccc/s&pplements/vitb1.html http://www.cc.nih.gov/ccc/s&pplements/vitb1.html - -
*acts +bo&t Vitamin $1 from the ,ational -nstit&tes *acts +bo&t Vitamin $1 from the ,ational -nstit&tes
of .ealth of .ealth

Re-erences
Re-erences

:etch"rua) Wannapha et al6) K :re(elance o- Vitamin B12 :etch"rua) Wannapha et al6) K :re(elance o- Vitamin B12
e.ciency in %pinal Cor+ inLuryM e.ciency in %pinal Cor+ inLuryM Archives of hysical Archives of hysical
Medicine and !eha"ilitation Medicine and !eha"ilitation Vol6 ?4 9ssue 116 1>E3D1>E; Vol6 ?4 9ssue 116 1>E3D1>E;

/enech) Michael6 K1he Role o- /olic =ci+ an+ Vitamin B12 in /enech) Michael6 K1he Role o- /olic =ci+ an+ Vitamin B12 in
the Genomic %tability o- Auman Cells6M the Genomic %tability o- Auman Cells6M !esearch !esearch
#undamentals and Molecular Muta$enesis, #undamentals and Molecular Muta$enesis, Vol 4E3) 9ssue 1D Vol 4E3) 9ssue 1D
26 3ED>E 26 3ED>E