UTILIZATION OF STEEL FIBERS AS

REPLACEMENT FOR STIRRUPS IN

REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM
CHAPTER I:
The Problem and i!
Ba"#$ro%nd
INTRODUCTION
Stirrups are the conventional shear reinforcement for
reinforced concrete beams. Resistance to diagonal
tension and crack propagation are the advantages of
using this conventional shear reinforcement. ut on the
other hand! some disadvantages have been found b"
the researchers. The" think that this conventional
shear reinforcement increases the labor cost and
prolongs the casting of steel reinforcement as #ell as
the forms. ecause of these! the researchers #ould like
to present an alternative shear reinforcement that has
a capabilit" similar to conventional$ the steel %ber.
CONC&'TU() *R(+&,OR-
ST(T&+&NT O* T.& 'RO)&+
The stud" aims to evaluate the
ma/imum load of reinforced concrete
beams utili0ing steel %ber as shear
reinforcement. (t the end of the research
the follo#ing concerns #ill be addressed1
2. ,hat are the e3ects of steel %ber #ith
di3erent volume fraction 45.56! 5.786!
2.56 and 2.986: on reinforced concrete
beam #ithout stirrups;
9. ased on the ma/imum load! #hat
are the advantages of specimens #ith
steel %ber over specimens containing
stirrups;
<. *or all the specimens tested in this
stud"! #hich specimen #ill attain the
highest ma/imum load;
=. ,hat are the similarities bet#een
specimens #ith steel %bers and
specimens #ith stirrups based on the
test result;
8. .o# consistent is the distribution of
steel %bers on concrete mi/ture;
>. ,hich specimens on t#o batches do
not e/ceed the percentage error of 86;
.?'OT.&S&S1
2. Inclusion of steel %ber in the concrete mi/
improves the ma/imum load of reinforced
concrete beams.
9. Change in ma/imum load is directl"
proportional to the change in volume fraction.
<. Change in ma/imum load is directl"
proportional to the change in number of
stirrups.
=. The mode of failure of the specimens is
shear failure.
O@&CTIA& O* T.& STUD?
The main obBective of this stud" is to determine the
possibilit" of utili0ing steel %bers as replacement for
stirrups in reinforced concrete beam.
Speci%call" the researchers #ould like to determine
the follo#ing1
2. The ma/imum load of reinforced concrete
beams #ith di3erent number of stirrups1
a. 5
b. <
c. =
d. 8
e. >
9. The ma/imum load of reinforced concrete
beams #ith di3erent volume fraction1
a.5.786
b.2.56
c.2.986
<. Signi%cant di3erence bet#een the
ma/imum load of reinforced concrete beams
#ith di3erent number of stirrups and ma/imum
load of reinforced concrete beams #ith
di3erent volume fraction.
CHAPTER II:
RE&IE' OF RELATED
STUDIES AND
LITERATURES
R&AI&, O* R&)(T&D )IT&R(TUR& 4*OR&ICN (ND
)OC():

Seel Fiber a! Re(la"emen o) 'eb Rein)or"emen )or RCC

Dee( Beam! in Shear

Shear Sren$h o) Hi$h Sren$h Fiber Rein)or"ed Con"ree

beam!

The e*e" o) +(e and ,ol%me )ra"ion -&F. o) !eel /ber on

he me"hani"al (ro(erie! o) !el)0"om(a"in$ "on"ree.

Sren$henin$ Beam0Col%mn 1oin 2ih Seel Fiber Rein)or"ed

Con"ree D%rin$ Earh3%a#e Loadin$4

Beha,ior o) Seel Fiber Rein)or"ed Con"ree Beam and Plae!

%nder Sai" Load -lo"al.
CHAPTER III:
RESEARCH DESI6N
METHODOLO67
R&S&(RC. +&T.ODO)OC?
This stud" aims to observe and evaluate the
ma/imum load of reinforced concrete beam
utili0ing steel %ber as shear reinforcement. This
chapter illustrates the procedure and test used
to attain the ma/imum load of the test
specimens. Researchers prefer to use concrete
#ith the mi/ture proportion ratio of 212.D81<.97
4b" #eight:. Test specimens #ith di3erent
volume fraction #ill be compared to the
specimens #ith di3erent numbers of
conventional shear reinforcement 4stirrups:
R&S&(RC. D&SICN
The researchers used an e/perimental method of stud"
#herein data gathering process and accurate
interpretation of data is to be e/hibited based on the
outcome of the procedures.
The e/perimental method renders a logical and s"stematic
#a" to kno# the possibilit" of steel %ber to replace
conventional steel reinforcement 4stirrups:. To provide a
precise ans#er to this! the researchers manipulated
certain inEuences and observe ho# the condition or the
behavior of the subBect is a3ected or change. The
researchers had to isolate these inEuences in. such #a"
that the" are sure that the e3ects that observe can be
attributed and relevant.
+(T&RI() US&D (ND T&ST S'&CI+&N D&T(I)
The steel %ber that #ill be used in this stud" has a
diameter of 5.78mm and length of =5mm! and
having an aspect ratio 4lFd: of >7. +i/ture proportion
ratio of 212.D81<.97 4b" #eight: #ill be used. ( total
of eleven specimens #ill be tested in this stud".
Researchers used a > inches b" > inches b" 92
inches rectangular reinforced concrete beam #ith <
bars of 29mm diameter as longitudinal
reinforcement. Di3erent volume fraction of steel %ber
45.56! 5.786! 5.786! 2.56! 2.56! 2.986 and 2.986:
#ill be prepared for specimens (! 2! 9! C2! C9! D2!
and D9 respectivel".
These specimens do not contain
stirrups. Specimens 9! C9! and D9!
#ere provided to perceive the
consistenc" of the steel %ber
distribution into the concrete mi/ture.
Specimens &! *! C and . have di3erent
number of >mm diameter stirrups to
sho# the change in ma/imum load.
T&ST S'&CI+&NS
GU()IT? T&ST O* +(T&RI()S
S(e"i/" 6ra,i+ o) "emen
-ASTM 8990:9 Den!i+ o) H+dra%li" Cemen.
Uni 'ei$h o) A$$re$ae!
-ASTM ;<0:9 Te! Mehod )or Uni and &oid!
in A$$re$ae!.
S(e"i/" 6ra,i+ o) he Coar!e A$$re$ae
-ASTM C 8;:098 S(e"i/" 6ra,i+ and
Ab!or(ion o) Coar!e A$$re$ae!.
S(e"i/" 6ra,i+ o) Fine A$$re$ae
-ASTM C 8;90:< S(e"i/" 6ra,i+ and
Ab!or(ion o) Fine A$$re$ae!.
Uni 'ei$h o) A$$re$ae!
-ASTM C ;<0:9 Te! Mehod! )or Uni and
&oid! in A$$re$ae!.
Sie,e Anal+!i! o) A$$re$ae!
-ASTM C 8=>09= Sie,e Anal+!i! o) Fine and
Coar!e A$$re$ae!.
(CI 922 CONCR&T& +IH D&SICN 'ROC&DUR&
Sl%m( Te!:
Te! )or Sl%m( o) Fre!h Con"ree
-ASTM ;=809; Air Conen o) Fre!hl+
Mi?ed Con"ree b+ he Pre!!%re
Mehod.
Choi"e o) Ma?im%m Si@e o) A$$re$ae
E!imaion o) Mi?in$ 'aer and Air
Conen
Sele"ion o) 'aer0Cemen or 'aer0
Cemeniio%! maerial raio
Cal"%laion o) Cemen Conen
E!imaion o) Fine A$$re$ae Conen
AdA%!men )or A$$re$ae Moi!%re
Trial Ba"h AdA%!men
T&ST 'ROC&DUR&
Specimens are to be designed in >inches b" >inches b"
92 inches rectangular beam mold.
'repare design mi/! #hich #ill be used all throughout
the stud".
Trial mi/es are to be conducted to achieve the desired
compressive strength of concrete.
(fter the trial mi/ has been establish! series of standard
mi/ #ill produce #ith a standard 9D curing da"s.
Then! prepare all specimens for third point loading
tests.
Record all data needed and assess the di3erences
in their strengths.
Data that #ill be presented on this stud" are to be
recorded b" the researches in an accurate detailed
manner based outcome of the test has been done.
CURINC (ND C(STINC
During mi/ing of the steel %ber to the mi/ed
concrete! balling$up of steel %bers can be avoided b"
feeding the %bers into the mi/ in small Juantities at
a time. ,hen the %bers are uniforml" spread over
the mi/! the mi/ture #ill be poured and compacted
into the beam molds. Used oil is used as lubricant to
cover the molds for the ease of releasing the
specimens out of each mold. The specimens are
hardened %rst for about 9= hours. (fter the
hardening! the specimens are released out of the
molds and placed at room temperature. (ll the
specimens #ill undergo curing range of 9D da"s
*)O, C.(RT 'ROC&DUR&
CHAPTER I&:
PRESENTATIONB
ANAL7SIS AND
INTERPRETATION OF
DATA
'R&S&NT(TION (ND (N()?SIS O*
D(T(
Specimen
Volume Fraction Number of Stirrups
Beam A 0.0%
Beam B1 0.75% -
Beam B2 0.75% -
Beam C1 1.0% -
Beam C2 1.0% -
Beam D1 1.25% -
Beam D2 1.25% -
Beam E - 3
Beam F - 4
Beam G - 5
Beam H - 6
The table above sho#s the di3erent
number of stirrups and di3erent volume
fraction of the specimens. The
researchers used four di3erent volume
fractions ranging from 56 to 2.986 to
establish the right amount of steel
%bers to be added to the concrete mi/
to attain the most durable sample after
several tests #ere conducted.
T&ST R&SU)T S 'RO@&CTION O* S'R&CI+&N ,IT.
STIRRU'S
5 < = 8 >
95
=5
>5
D5
255
295
2=5
2>5
Fi$%re C48 Te! Re!%l! ProAe"ion o) he S(e"imen! 2ih Sirr%(!
*igure =.2 Test Results
'roBection of the
Specimens #ith
Stirrups
*igure =.2 sho#s the ma/imum load
proBection of reinforced concrete beams
#ith stirrups as shear reinforcement.
*rom this proBection! the ma/imum load
increases #ith the increasing number
of stirrups. (s e/pected! stirrups have
an abilit" to resist shear in reinforced
concrete beam.
T&ST R&SU)T S 'RO@&CTION O* S'R&CI+&N ,IT.
ST&&) *I&RS 42
ST
(TC.:
95
=5
>5
D5
255
295
2=5
2>5
Fi$%re C4; Te! Re!%l! ProAe"ion o) he S(e"imen! 2ih Seel Fiber! -8! ba"h.
*igure =.9 sho#s the ma/imum load
proBection of the 2
st
batch of reinforced
concrete beams #ith steel %bers as
shear reinforcement. *rom this %gure!
the di3erent volume fraction a3ects the
ma/imum load of reinforced concrete
beams. (s the volume fraction
increases! the ma/imum load increases
as #ell.
T&ST R&SU)T S 'RO@&CTION O* S'R&CI+&N ,IT.
ST&&) *I&R& 49
ND
(TC.:
95
=5
>5
D5
255
295
2=5
2>5
/$%re C4= e! re!%l! (roAe"ion o) he !(e"imen! 2ih !eel /ber! -;nd Ba"h.
9nd batch
*igure =.< sho#s the ma/imum load
proBection of the 9
nd
batch of reinforced
concrete beams #ith steel %bers as
shear reinforcement. ased on the %gure
sho#n! it sho#s that the ma/imum load
increases #ith increasing volume
fraction. Therefore! #e can sa" that
steel %bers have the abilit" to resist
shear in reinforced concrete beam.
CO+'(RISON &T,&&N T,O (TC.&S O* S'&CI+&N
,IT. ST&&) *I&RS
Specimen Vo!me
F"ac#ion
1
$#
Ba#c%
&'()
2
n*
Ba#c%
&'()
A+e"a,e
&'()
-e"cen#a,
e E""o"
&%)
A 0.0% 5..047 5..047 5..047 0
B 0.75% 111.474 120.30/ 115./.1 3./1
C 1.0% 141.334 143.74 142.537 0./4
D 1.25% 147.74. 147.30/ 147.53 0.15
The table sho#s the comparison bet#een t#o
batches of concrete mi/ed #ith steel %ber. These
t#o batches of concrete mi/ture #ere made to
perceive the consistenc" of the steel %ber
distribution on the mi/ture. ased on the
percentage error sho#n in the table! Specimen ! C
and D have a percentage error of <.D26! 5.D=6!
and 5.286 respectivel". Since the percentage error
of t#o batches of concrete mi/ture #ith steel %bers
is belo# the allo#able percentage error of 86! the
distribution of steel %bers in each batch is
considered consistent and #idel" spread.
CO+'(RISON &T,&&N T,O (TC.&S O* S'&CI+&N
,IT. ST&&) *I&R
95
=5
>5
D5
255
295
2=5
2>5
2st atch
9nd atch
(verage
Figure 4.4 Com(ari!on be2een T2o
Ba"he! o) S(e"imen! 2ih Seel
Fiber!

*igure =.= sho#s the ma/imum load proBection
of t#o batches of reinforced concrete beams
#ith steel %bers. (lso! their average is
proBected. (s #e can see from the %gure! the
ma/imum load of the 2
st
batch and 9
nd
batch
are almost eJual and their percentage errors
do not e/ceed the allo#able error. ased on
these results! #e can sa" that the distribution
of steel %bers into t#o batches is consistent.
Therefore! #e can use the ma/imum load of
an" of the t#o batches.
FI6URE C4D COMPARISONS BET'EEN TEST RESULTS OF
SPECIMENS 'ITH STIRRUPS AND 'ITH STEEL FIBERS
( & * C C . D
specimens #ith
stirrups
specimens #ith steel
%ber
*igure =.8 presents the comparison bet#een the test
results of specimens #ith stirrups and specimens
#ith steel %bers as shear reinforcement. Smaller
value bet#een2
st
batch and 9
nd
batch #ere used to
allo# the possibilit" of error in distribution of steel
%ber in the concrete mi/ture. ased on the %gure! it
is clearl" evident that steel %bers and stirrups can
increase ma/imum load in reinforced concrete
beams. +a/imum load in specimens #ith stirrups
increases #ith increasing number of stirrups. (lso!
ma/imum load in specimens #ith steel %bers
increases #ith increasing volume fraction.
ased also from the result! it is visibl" seen that
specimens #ith steel %bers have an advantage over
specimens #ith stirrups. The increase in ma/imum
load of specimens #ith steel %bers is more than for
the specimens containing stirrups. (lso! for the
entire specimens tested! utmost ma/imum load is
attained in specimen #ith steel %bers #hich is
S'&CI+&N D2! #ith the ma/imum load of 2=7.7=K
-N. These results support the use of steel %ber as
replacement to conventional shear reinforcement
4stirrups: in reinforced concrete beams.
GU()IT? T&ST R&SU)T
Sample
Quality Test Specification
(ACI)
Test esult emar!s
Fine
Grading Fineness
Modulus 2.3-3.1 2.4 Passed
Specific Gravity 2.3-2.9 2.55 Passed
Moisture ontent 11.!2 Passed
"#sorption $-1$% 5.$3% Passed
&nit 'eig(t
)oose
*odded
12+$- 192$
12+$- 192$
14!+.2!
1,23.$2
Passed
Passed
Coarse
Grading- "#rasion 5$% 23.+!% Passed
Specific Gravity 2.5-3.$ 2.+3 Passed
Moisture ontent $.544% Passed
"#sorption $-2% $.!4,% Passed
&nit 'eig(t
)oose
*odded
145$-1!5$
145$-1!5$
15,5.25,
1!4+.43+
Passed
Passed
Cement Specific Gravity 2.94-3.15 3.$2 Passed
D&SICN +IHTUR&
"ater (to be a##e#) $%& !g
e-ent '&( .g
oarse "ggregate /0et1 $$%% .g
Fine "ggregate /0et1 &&% .g
T)TA* +',( .g
The E!imaed Ma!!e! (er Re"an$%lar Beam
CONCRETE MIETURE PROPORTION RATIO
8:849D:=4;:
,&IC.T O* AO)U+& *R(CTION
Specimen -e"cen#
Vo!me
F"ac#ion
&%)
Vo!me o0
S#ee 0i1e"
&mm
3
)
2ei,%# o0
S#ee
Fi1e"
&3,)
A 0 0 0
B 0.75 .2.14.65 0.75
C 1.0 123//6.20 1.00
D 1.25 154/57.75 1.25
The Table sho#n above presents the
#eight of steel %ber that #ill be added
to the concrete mi/ture of specimen (!
! C! and D. The steel %bers #ill serve
as the shear reinforcement of the
specimen.
CHAPTER &:
SUMMAR7 OF FINDIN6S
AND OBSER&ATIONSB
CONCLUSIONSB
AND RECOMMENDATIONS
SU++(R? O* *INDINCS (ND OS&RA(TION
(fter anal"0ing the data gathered and
conducting series of tests! the researchers
arrived to these %ndings and observations1
2. *or all the specimens tested in this stud"!
highest ma/imum load #as attained in
specimen #ith steel %bers #hich is
S'&CI+&N D2 #ith a volume fraction of
2.986. This result supports the use of steel
%ber as a replacement to conventional shear
reinforcement 4stirrups:.
9. The ma/imum load of specimens #ith steel %bers
increases #hen the volume fraction or steel %ber
content also increases. *rom the result of the
e/periment made! steel %ber #ith volume fraction of
56! 5.786! 2.556! and 2.986 had a ma/imum load
of 8K.5=7-N! 222.=7=-N! 2=2.<<=-N! and
2=7.<5D-N respectivel".
<. The ma/imum load of specimens #ith stirrups
increases #ith increasing number of stirrups. *rom
the result of the e/periment! specimens #ith
di3erent number of stirrups of 5! <! =! 8! and > had
a ma/imum load of 8K.5=7-N! D<.=K8-N! K7.=52-N!
KK.227-N! and 25=.7>>-N respectivel".
=. The ma/imum load of %rst batch and second
batch of specimens #ith steel %bers are almost
eJual. The percentage error for specimen ! C!
and D are <.D26! 5.D=6! and 5.286 respectivel".
These errors do not e/ceed the allo#able
percentage error #hich is 86.
8. The increase in ma/imum load for specimens
#ith steel %bers is more than the increase in
ma/imum load for specimens #ith stirrups based
on the test result.
>. Shear failure is the mode of failure in all
specimens tested in this stud".
CONC)USIONS
(fter the e/perimentation! the researchers
arrived to these follo#ing conclusions1
2. Steel %bers can be used as a replacement to
conventional shear reinforcement in reinforced
concrete beams.
9. (ppl"ing steel %bers to the concrete mi/ture
gives a good result in increasing the ma/imum
load of reinforced concrete beams #ithout
stirrups. (s the volume fraction increases! the
ma/imum load increases as #ell.
<. Test specimen #ith the highest volume fraction
has the utmost ma/imum load.
=. +ore signi%cant increase in ma/imum load #as
found for the specimens #ith steel %bers because
of their increased resistance to propagation of
cracks.
8. The steel %bers and stirrups have the same
function! as to resist shearing stress.
>. The steel %bers can be consistentl" distributed
in the reinforced concrete beams #ithout stirrups.
R&CO+&ND(TIONS

Researchers recommend future

pursuers of this stud" to use other
concrete mi/ture to kno# if the
compressive strength of concrete
a3ects the result of the test.

Researchers recommend using higher

volume fraction. Through this! #e #ill
kno# the ma/imum volume fraction
the beam could obtain.

Researchers recommend tr"ing three or

more batches of reinforced concrete beam
#ith steel %bers to observe more of the
consistenc" of the steel %ber distribution
on concrete mi/.

Researchers recommend using di3erent

dimensions of beam to determine the
e3ect of the si0e in the reinforced concrete
beam #ith steel %bers.

ased on the results! the researchers

recommend to use steel %bers as shear
reinforcement in reinforced concrete beam.