UTP/JBJ 1

Vectors and the Three

Dimensional Space
Chapter 1
Lesson 1
UTP/JBJ 2
Learning Outcomes
At the end of the lesson you should be able
to:
1. Identify a vector in 3- space from 2-space
and 1-space.
2. Find the distance between points.
3. Derive the equation of sphere.
4. Define vector.
5. Perform the arithmetic of vectors.
6. Perform Dot and Cross product

UTP/JBJ 3
Rectangular Coordinate Systems
One way to identify points in a plane is to use a
Cartesian coordinate system.
3- space: x , y, and z axes
2- space: x and y axes produces a Plane
1-space : x axes, a line
z
y
x
o
y
x
o
x
o
UTP/JBJ 4
OCTANTS
z
y
x
a
b
c
P(a, b, c)
Z-axis : (0, 0, c)
Y-axis : (0,b, 0 )
X-axis : (a, 0, 0)
The coordinate axes define 3 coordinate plates: xy-
plane, yz-plane and xz-plane.
The location of point P in space can be specified by
listing 3 real numbers:
Mid-point
The coordinate of the center between points
A(a,b) and B(c,d) is given by


The coordinate of the point divides points
A(a,b) and B(c,d) in a ratio m:n is given by
UTP/JBJ 5
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
=
2
,
2
d b c a
M
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
+
+
n m
dm bn
n m
cm an
,
UTP/JBJ 6
Distance (d) in 3-space
2 2
b a +
2 2 2
c b a d + + =
) , , (
1 1 1 1
z y x P
d
c
b
a
y
) , , (
2 2 2 2
z y x P
2
1 2
2
1 2
2
1 2
) ( ) ( ) ( z z y y x x d + + =
c z z b y y a x x = = =
1 2 1 2 1 2
; ;
UTP/JBJ 7
SPHERE
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
) 0 , 0 , 0 ( ,
z y x r
C z y x r
+ + =
+ + =
z
y
x
r
C(h,k,l)
P(x,y,z)
2 2 2
) ( ) ( ) ( l z k y h x r + + =
UTP/JBJ 8
Theorem: An equation of the form


where E, F, G and H are constant,
represents a sphere , a point , or has no
graph.

0
2 2 2
= + + + + + + H Gz Fy Ex z y x
UTP/JBJ 9
Example 1
Find the center and radius of the
sphere that has (1, -2, 4) and
( 3, 4, -12) as endpoints of a
diameter.
Answers: C (h,k,l) =( 2, 1, -4)
d =17.3 ; r = 8.6
UTP/JBJ 10
Example 2
Show that A(4, 5,2),B(1,7,3)
and C(2,4,5) are vertices of
an equilateral triangle.
AB=AC=BC=
14
Answer:
UTP/JBJ 11
Simple Recall
1. Find the distance between the points
A ( 2, 1, 3) and B (-1,4,1).
2. Find the equation of the sphere with
center at the origin and passing through a
point (-1,-1, 2).
3. Find the center and radius of the sphere
given


11 2 4 6
2 2 2
= + + + z y x z y x
UTP/JBJ 12
VECTORS
Definition
Vector is a quantity that has both
magnitude and direction usually
represented by an arrow.
It has an initial point and a terminal point.
Vector quantity: velocity, displacement,
force

UTP/JBJ 13
How to Draw a Vector?
Example 1: v= <1, 3, 2> in 3-
dimensional
Example 2: v= <4, -1> in 2-
dimensional
Example 3 : a= 2i - 3j + 4k where i, j,
k are unit vectors

UTP/JBJ 14
Equivalent Vectors
Two vectors are equivalent if their
corresponding components are equal.
Example:
A= <2,-1,3> and B= < 2, -1, 3>
Vector A is equivalent to vector B !
UTP/JBJ 15
Sum of Vectors
If v and w are vectors , then the
sum v + w is
v+w
v
w
v+w = w+v
0+v= v+0 =v
UTP/JBJ 16
Arithmetic Operations on
Vectors
Theorem. If
space in w v w v w v w v
w w w w and v v v v
space f or w v w v w v
w w w and v v v
3 , ,
, , , ,
; 2 ,
, ,
3 3 2 2 1 1
3 2 1 3 2 1
2 2 1 1
2 1 2 1
> + + + < = +
> < = > < =
> + + < = +
> < = > =<
UTP/JBJ 17
If v is a nonzero vector and k is a
nonzero real number (scalar) then the
scalar multiple kv is defined to be a
vector whose length is k times the
length of v and whose direction is the
same as that of v if k > 0 and opposite
that of v if k< 0.
UTP/JBJ 18

space in w v w v w v w v
space in w v w v w v
3 , ,
2 ,
3 3 2 2 1 1
2 2 1 1
> < =
> < =
If k is any scalar, then
> < = > < =
3 2 1 2 1
, , , kv kv kv kv or kv kv kv
UTP/JBJ 19
Vectors with Initial Point Not
the Origin
Theorem.
space 3 in , , , ALSO
space 2 in ,
) , ( point terminal and ) , (
point initial with space 2 in vector a is If
1 2 1 2 1 2 2 1
1 2 1 2 2 1
2 2 2 1 1 1
2 1
> < =
> < =

z z y y x x P P
y y x x P P
y x P y x P
P P
length the is | |
2 1
P P
UTP/JBJ 20
Norm of a Vector
The norm or the magnitude (length) is
denoted as

> =< + + =
> =< + =
3 2 1
2
3
2
2
2
1
2 1
2
2
2
1
, , ; space 3 in
, ; space 2 in
v v v v v v v v
v v v v v v
UTP/JBJ 21
Example 3:
Find the norms of v=<3,-5>, 2v
and w=<2, -4, 1>.
Answers:

58 . 4 ; 66 . 11 2 ; 83 . 5 = = = w v v
UTP/JBJ 22
Unit Vectors
In 2-space:
i =<1, 0 > ; j =<0 ,1>
In 3-space:
i=<1,0,0>; j=<0,1,0> ; k=<0, 0, 1>

i , j, k is known as the standard
basis vector
Example: A= <-1,5,-6> = -i + 5j- 6z
UTP/JBJ 23
Normalizing a Vector
v k v
v
u = =
1
is a unit vector with the same direction as v.
Example 4.
Find the unit vector that has the same
direction as v=2i-j+4k
Answer:

> < = 4 , 1 , 2
21
1
u
UTP/JBJ 24
Vectors Determined by
Angle
v
u
y
x
u cos v
u sin v
j v i v v
v v
u + u =
> u u < =
sin cos
sin , cos
v
Dot Product
UTP/JBJ 25
3 3 2 2 1 1
v u v u v u v u + + = -
What is the dot product of u
and v?
> < = > =<
> < = > =<
2 , 4 , 3 say , ,
3 , 2 , 1 say , ,
3 2 1
3 2 1
v v v v v
u u u u u
Note: the dot product of 2 vectors produces a scalar value
Cross Product
UTP/JBJ 26
2 1
2 1
3 1
3 1
3 2
3 2
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1 3 2 1
, , & , ,
v v
u u
k
v v
u u
j
v v
u u
i v u
v v v
u u u
k j i
v u
v v v v u u u u
+ =
=
> < = > =<
Note: The cross product of 2 vectors
produces a vector!
Cross Product is not commutative!
UTP/JBJ 27
Sine Law

=
|
=
o sin sin sin
c b a
+ = cos 2
2 2 2
ab b a c
Cosine Law

c
a
b
|
o