MONERA

By : Ani Ramli
A. BACTERIA
Several biologist classify bacteria in to the
Kingdom of Bacteria while others classify it
into the kingdom of monera. Bacteria is clas-
sified in two, they are :
a. Archaebacteria
b. Eubacteria

Beberapa ahli biologi mengklasifikasikan
bakteri ke dalam
Kerajaan Bakteri sementara yang lain
mengklasifikasikan
ke dalam kerajaan monera. Bakteri adalah
Clas
sified dua, yaitu:
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
According to its extreme surrounding,Archae
bacteria is divided into three groups,that is :
1. Methanogen BacteriaThe bacteria produce
methane from hydrogen and CO2 gas or
acetate acid.Methanogen bacteria live in
swamps as decomposer.
Example of methanogen bacteria is Me-
thanobacterium.
2. Halophile BacteriaBacteria that live in
surroundings of high salinity.
An example of halophile is Halobacterium.
3. Thermocydophile BacteriaThese bacteria
live in extremely hot and sour surrounding.
Example of thermocydophile are Sulfalobus
and Thermoplasma.



Menurut ekstrim sekitarnya, Archae
bakteri dibagi menjadi tiga kelompok, yaitu:
Bakteri metanogen Bacteria The menghasilkan metana dari
hidrogen dan gas CO2 atau asetat bakteri acid.Methanogen hidup di
rawa-rawa sebagai dekomposer.
Contoh bakteri metanogen adalah Me-thanobacterium.
Halophile Bacteria Bacteria yang hidup di
Lingkungan salinitas tinggi.
Contoh halophile adalah Halobacterium.
Bakteri Thermocydophile Bacteria These
tinggal di sekitarnya sangat panas dan asam.
Contoh thermocydophile adalah Sulfalobus
dan Thermoplasma.

B. The character of Bacteria :
1. Bacteria are a group of organisms that
has very small dimension.
2. Bacteria are procaryota organisms of one cell.
3. In general has no chlorophyll,so its pro-
perty is heterotrophic.
4. Bacteria are found in all habitats.in air,
soil and water,even in our body.
5. In extreme proliferation condition such as too
high or too low temperature, bacteria
can make spores as reproduction organs.
The picture of Bacteria

C. Structure of Bacteria

D. Reproduction of Bacteria:
1. Bacteria can reproduce by dividing them-
selves,using binary division(asexsual).
2. There are three methods of parasexsual
reproduction, they are ;
a. Conjugation,that is union of DNA donor and
DNA receptor through direct contact.
b. Transformasi,that is transfer of genetic
material section or DNA from outside to the
receptor bacteria.
c. Transduction,that ia DNA trnsfer from donor
cell to receptor cell by virus vector.
Bakteri dapat mereproduksi dengan membagi mereka-
diri, menggunakan pembagian biner (asexsual).
Ada tiga metode parasexsual
reproduksi, mereka adalah;
Konjugasi, yaitu persatuan donor DNA dan reseptor
DNA melalui kontak langsung.
Transformasi, yaitu pemindahan bagian materi genetik
atau DNA dari luar terhadap bakteri reseptor.
Transduksi, yang besarbesaran trnsfer DNA dari sel
donor ke sel reseptor oleh vektor virus.

E. The Growth of Bacteria
The growth of bacteria is influenced by se
veral factors, namely :
1. Temperature
2. Humidity
3. Acidity Degree(pH)
4. Sunlight.

Pertumbuhan bakteri dipengaruhi oleh se -
Faktor veral, yaitu:
suhu
kelembaban
Keasaman Degree (pH)
Cahaya matahari.
F. Classification of Bacteria to their
shape
Bacteria can be divided according to their
shape. Roughly bacteria are divided into
three shapes,that is :
a. CoccusMonococcus,Diplococcus,Strep
tococcus,Tetracoccus.
b. BacillusMonobacillus,Diplobacillus,
Streptobacillus.
c. SpiralComma/Vibrio,Spiral,Spirochaeta

Bakteri dapat dibagi menurut mereka
bentuk. Kira-kira bakteri dibagi menjadi
tiga bentuk, yaitu:
Coccus Monococcus, Diplococcus, Strep
tococcus, Tetracoccus.
Bacillus Monobacillus, Diplobacillus,
Streptobacillus.
c. Spiral Comma / Vibrio, Spiral,
Spirochaeta

Bacteria Shape(Coccus)

Bacillus Shape

Spirilium Shape

G.Movement in Bacteria
According to the number and location of fla-
gella in its cell surface, bacteria is divided
into five that is :
1. Atric bacteria that have no flagell
2. Monotricbacteria that have one flage
llum in one end of their cell.
3. Amphytricbacteria that have one flage-
llum in both end of their cell.
4. Lopotricbacteria that have flagella in one end
of their cell.
5. Peritricbacteria that have flagella on all of
their cell surface.
Flagell shape of Bacteria

H. Classification of Bacteria
1. According their method to get food bacteria can be devided
into :
a. Parasite bacteriathat is bacteria which take their food from
the body of another organisms.
Example : Mycobacterium tuberculosis
b. Saprophyte bacteriathat is bacteria which take their food
from dead organic material.
Example : Escherichia coli
c. Chemosynthetic bacteriathat is bacteria which take their
food from oxidation of various chemical compounds.
Example ; Bacteria Sulfur
d. Photosynthetic bacteria that is bacteria which take their
food from photosynthesis.
Example : Bacteriopurpurin,Bacteriochlorophil.

Menurut metode mereka untuk mendapatkan bakteri makanan
dapat dibagi menjadi:
Parasit bacteria that adalah bakteri yang mengambil makanan
mereka dari tubuh organisme lain.
Contoh: Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Bacteria that saprofit adalah bakteri yang mengambil makanan
mereka dari bahan organik mati.
Contoh: Escherichia coli
c. Bacteria that chemosynthetic adalah bakteri yang mengambil
makanan mereka dari oksidasi berbagai senyawa kimia.
contoh; bakteri Sulfur
Bakteri fotosintetik that adalah bakteri yang mengambil makanan
mereka dari fotosintesis.
Contoh: Bacteriopurpurin, Bacteriochlorophil.
2. According to their ability to take O2 :
2. According to their ability to take Oxigen
bacteria can be divided into :
a. Aerobe bacteria that is bacteria that bond
free oxigen from iar for respiration.
Example : Bacteria nitrifikasi,Acetobacter
b. Anaerobe bacteria that is bacteria that
do not require free oxigen from air in
respiration(breathing) process.
Example : Microccocus denitrificans
Clostridium tetani.
I. The Role of Bacteria For Human
1. Bacteria that are beneficial.
The example of beneficial bacteria and
substances they produce or their use are
follow :
a. Streptomyces aureofaciensproduse
aureomycin(substance that can destroy bacteria or virus.
b. Rhizobium leguminosarumfound in nodules of beans
root,can bond free nitrogen on air so it can fertilize soil.
c. Nitrifikasi(Nitrosomonas,Nitrobacter)
2NH3 + 3O2 ----- 2HNO2 + 2H2O + E
2HNO2 + O2 ---- 2HNO3 + E
d. Lactobacillus bulgaricusused in yoghurt making.
e. Escherichia coli live in colon help in making vitamin K
in the body.
f. Azotobacter chroococcumbacteria that can bond
nitrogen.

2. Bacteria that are harmful for human
2. Bacteria that are Harmful for human.
Several examples of bacteria that cause
diseases are as follow :
a. Neisseria gonorrhoethe cause of gono-
rhea disease(pus urination)
b. Neisseria meningiditisthe cause of brain
membrane inflamation.
c. Clostridium tetanithe cause ot tetanus
disease.
d. Bacillus anthraxisthe cause of anthrax
disease.
e. Salmonella typhosathe cause of typhoid
disease.
f. Treponema pallidumthe cause of syphilis
disease.

J. Usaha memerangi bakteri
merugikan
1. Terhadap hasil pasca panenpemanisan,
pengasaman,penggaraman,pendinginan,penga
sapan dll
2. Di bidang kesehatanvaksinasi,serum, obat
antibiotik,desinfektan.
3. Sterilisasi dan pasteurisasi :
Sterilisasipemusnahan semua bentuk
kehidupan dalam makanan dilakukan dgn cara
pemanasan pada suhu 121C selama 30 menit
dgn disertai tekanan.
Pasteurisasidilakukan dgn pemanasan sam-
pai suhu 62C selama 30 menit, dgn cara ini
aroma susu tetap dan bakteri patogen mati
sedang non patogen tetap hidup.

B. BLUE ALGAE(CYANOPHYTA)
I. Characteristics of Blue Algae :
a. Some have a body of one cell(uniceluler) and
some have many cells (colony or filamen).
b. The nucleus is not covered by membrane.
c. The cell wall is located between plasmale-
ma and mucus cover.
d. The repruduction can happens by cell divi-
sion,fragmentation and spore formation.
e. The dimention of the body is very small,some
are less than 0,001 mm.
Picture kinds of Blue Algae

Heterocyst of Nostoc commune

II. Kind of Blue Algae :

a. Thread-shaped Blue Algae that Live Freely
Example : Nostoc commune, Oscilatoria,
Rivularia
b. Blue Algae That Live in Symbiosis
Example : Anabaena azollae
c. Blue Algae As Colony
Example : Polycystis
d. Blue Algae that have One Cell
Example : Chrococcus, Gleocapsa

III. Reproduction of Blue Algae :

a. Binary division
b. Fragmentation
c. Spore Aseksual
IV. The role of Blue Algae

a. Have a role in fixating nitrogen.
b. A pioneer vegetation
c. Spirullina(Single Cell Protein).
d. Anabaenollium(parasitic in mans colon)