ROUTING

PROTOCOLS

By:
Er.
Amit Mahajan
 ROUTING BASICS

 The term routing is used for taking a packet from one

device and sending it through the network to another
device on a different network
 For routing a router must know following things
Ø Destination address
Ø Neighbour routers from which it can learn about
remote networks, Possible routes to all remote
networks
Ø The best route to each remote network
Ø How to maintain and verify routing information
Ø

 Routing protocols

Ø They are the set of rules used by a router when it

communicates routing information between
neighboring router
Ø Routing protocols use metrics to evaluate what path
will be the best for a packet to travel
Ø A metric is a standard of measurements; such as path
bandwidth, reliability, delay, current load on that
path etc; i.e used by routing algorithms to
determine the optimal path to a destination.
 Desirable properties of a router

• Correctness and simplicity: The packets are to be

correctly delivered. Simpler the routing algorithm,
it is better.
• Robustness: Ability of the network to deliver packets
via some route even in the face of failures.
• Stability: The algorithm should converge to
equilibrium fast in the face of changing conditions
in the network.

While designing a routing protocol it is


necessary to take into account the following

design parameters:
• Performance Criteria: Number of hops,
Cost, Delay, Throughput, etc
• Network Information Source: Local,
Adjacent node, Nodes along route, All nodes
• Network Information Update Timing:
Continuous, Periodic, Major load change,
Topology change



 If a network is not directly connected to Router then it
must use one of the three ways

Ø Static routing
Ø Dynamic routing
Ø Default routing
Ø
 Static Routing:
 Uses a route that a network administrator enters
manually add routes in each router’s routing table


Ø
Ø
ADVANTAGES


Ø There is no bandwidth usage between routers, which

means you could possibly save money on WAN
links.
Ø It adds security because the administrator can choose
to allow routing access to certain networks only


DISADVANTAGE


Ø The administrator must really understand the

internetwork and how each router is connected in
order to configure routes correctly.
•
 

•
Static Routes
172.16.1.0

SO
Network R1 R2
B
172.16.2.2 172.16.2.1

Static Route Configuration:

Router(config)#ip route, destination network [mask] {next
hop
R1(config)# ip route 172.16.1.0 255.255.255.0
address }[AD distance]
172.16.2.1
This is a unidirectional route.
 Dynamic Routing
Ø It uses same protocol in two different networks

Ø Dynamic routing is when protocols are used to find

networks and update routing tables on routers
Ø Uses a route that a network routing protocol adjusts
automatically for topology or traffic changes
Ø In it a protocol on one router communicates with the same
protocol running on neighbor routers
Ø If a change occurs in the network, the dynamic routing
protocols automatically inform all routers about the
event.

 Default routing
Ø A default route is the network route used by a router
when no other known route exists for a given IP
packet's destination address.
Ø All the packets for destination Which not known by
the router's routing table are sent to the default
route
Ø The default route is the destination that a packet is
sent to if the router doesn't have instructions to
send it somewhere else

Classes of routing protocol
 Distance Vector Routing

• It find the best path to a remote network by judging

distance.
• Each time a packet goes through a router, called a hop.
• The route with the least number of hops to the network is
determined to be the best route
• Here each router send its complete routing table with
each update only to its neighbors
 RIP(Routing Information Protocol)

• RIP was first developed in 1969

• The most commonly used interior gateway protocol in the
Internet
• Each router sends out a broadcast that contains the entire
routing table of the router.
• Typically routers do this every 30seconds
• The maximum number of hops allowed with RIP is 15
•
•
•
• RIP version 1 uses only classful routing, which means
that all devices in the network must use the same
subnet mask.
• It does not send updates with subnet mask information
•
DRAWBACK of RIPv1


Ø Classful
Ø RIP routes consume more Bandwidth
 RIPv2

• mostly same as RIP v1

• But It is classless, means RIP version 2 provides
something called prefix routing and send subnet
mask information with the route updates, this make
RIPv2 more scalable than RIPv1


•

COMPARISON

IGRP(Interior Gateway Routing Protocol )

• It is a Cisco-proprietary distance-vector routing protocol

• Means that to use IGRP in your network, all your routers must
be Cisco routers

• It was created to overcome the problems associated with RIP

• It has a maximum hop count of 255

• helpful in larger networks and solves the problem of 15 hops

• Metric used here are Bandwidth and Delay of the
line by default as a metric for determining the
best route to an internetwork
• The main difference between RIP and IGRP
configuration is that when we configure IGRP,
we supply the autonomous system number to it,
where as RIP does not use autonomous number
system
COMPARISON
 LINK STATE ROUTING
• Also called shortest-path-first protocols
• Routers here create three separate tables
Ø One of these tables keeps track of directly attached
neighbors
Ø One determines the topology of the entire internetwork
Ø One is used as the routing table
Ø Link-state routers know more about the internetwork than
any distance-vector routing protocol
 OSPF(Open Shortest Path First )
• Also called route redistribution

• It is used when a network have multiple routers and not all of them are of
same vendor

 FEATURES:

Ø Has unlimited hop count

Ø Allows multi-vendor deployment (open standard)

Ø Consists of areas and autonomous systems Minimizes routing update

traffic Allows scalability

Ø Supports VLSM( Variable Length Subnet Masks )

•
OSPF design example
• Designed in a hierarchical fashion, which basically
means that you can separate the larger internetwork
into smaller internetworks called areas
• Reasons for creating OSPF in a hierarchical design
Ø To decrease routing overhead
Ø To speed up convergence
Ø To confine network instability to single areas of the
network

•
 HYBRID ROUTING PROTOCOL
 Routing protocol that uses the attributes of both distance-
vector and link-state. Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing
Protocol (Enhanced IGRP).
• Enhanced InteriorGateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)
• EIGRP is a classless
• It is enhanced distance-vector protocol that gives us a real
edge over another Cisco proprietary protocols


•
• uses the concept of an autonomous system to describe the
set of contiguous routers that run the same routing
protocol
• It includes the subnet mask in its route updates.
• subnet information allows us to use Variable Length
Subnet Masks (VLSMs) and summarization when
designing the networks
• it synchronizes routing tables between neighbors at
startup and then sends specific updates only when
topology changes occur
•
FEATURES


Ø It has a maximum hop count of 255

Ø Support for IP and IPv6 (and some other useless routed protocols) via
protocol dependent modules

Ø Support for summaries and discontiguous networks Efficient neighbor

discovery

Ø Communication via Reliable Transport Protocol (RTP)

Ø Best path selection via Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL)

Ø Support for IP and IPv6 (and some other useless routed protocols) via
protocol dependent modules
•
•
 Case Study: Smart Edge Router 800

 Features
• The SmartEdge router provide following features:
• High performance—Enables line-rate packet forwarding.
• Robustness—Enables packet reliability, meeting rigorous
uptime and availability requirements.
• Scalability—Supports a large number of access terminations.
• Flexibility—Provides support for multiple services.


•
Routing Protocols Used


Ø Routing Information Protocol (RIP)

Ø Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol
(Enhanced IGRP).
Ø Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)and OSPF Version 3
(OSPFv3)
Ø Virtual Private Networks (BGP/MPLS VPNs
Ø Smart Edge 800 Router Hardware provides site
preparation information and installation,
monitoring, and maintenance procedures for the
chassis and cards
Ø
• The Smart Edge 800 delivers 240Gbps of throughput
• Deliver Multi-Play services such as video
(IPTV/HDTV), voice, data, interactive
multimedia content, in addition to Layer
2/Layer 3 Virtual Private Networks
(VPNs)
 References

Ø http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/courses/Webcourse-contents/IIT
%20Kharagpur/Computer
%20networks/pdf/M7L5.pdf (Date-11/02/09)
Ø http://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/net_mgmt/active
_network_abstraction/3.6.5/vne/refere
nce/guide/chapRedbackdevices.html
Ø Book Todd lamale
Ø