By,

SIDDHARTHA MISHRA
SHAHBAZ KHAN
VINEET
VISHAL SINGH
The scam is in essence a
diversion of funds from the
banking system (in
particular the inter-bank
market in
government securities) to
brokers for financing their
operations in the stock
market.
Capital Market Scam
The capital market is the market for securities,
where companies and govt. can raise long term funds.
It is a market in which money is lent for periods longer
than a year. The capital market includes
The Government Securities Market
Stock Market
CAPITAL MARKET
Characteristics
Government Securities
Market Stock Market
1
Securities
Government Securities,
PSU Bonds,
Units Of Unit Trust Of India
Corporate Securities
(Shares And
Debentures)
2
Trading Volume Rs. 3000-4000 /day Rs. 50-200 /day
3
Market Capitalization Rs. 100,000 crore Rs. 250,000 crore
4
No. Of Transactions 250 ler day 50,000 per day
5
Players Banks,
Financial Institutions
Individuals,
Companies,
Financial Institutions
6
Intermediaries
About A dozen Brokers Approved
By RBI
About 500 brokers in
the BSE

7
Finance Money Market (Formal Market) Badla Finance (Informal
Market)
8
Cost Of Finance 18-20% 35-40%
Comparison Of Two Markets
The Ready Forward Deal:-
The crucial mechanism through which the scam was effected was the ready forward
(RF) deal. The RF deal is in essence a secured short term (typically 15 days) loan from
one bank to another bank against government securities.

TWO PURPOSES:-

1. Like repo markets around the world, the RF deal provides the much needed
liquidity to the government securities markets.
2. It is an important tool in the hands of the banks to manage their Statutory
Liquidity Ratio (SLR) requirements. Banks in India are required to maintain 38.5 per
cent of their demand and time liabilities (DTL) in government securities and
certain approved securities which are collectively known as SLR securities.
Liberalization of The Economy
The RF deal helps in managing SLR requirement in two ways:

A bank which has a temporary surge in DTL may not want to buy SLR securities
outright and then sell them when the DTL comes back to normal. Instead, it can do an
RF deal whereby it effectively borrows the securities from a bank which has surplus
SLR securities. An RF deal in SLR securities can thus be seen either as lending of
money or as borrowing of securities.

An RF deal is not legally a loan. The amount borrowed by a bank under the RF deal
is not regarded as a part of the bank's liabilities. Therefore, it is not a part of its DTL
and does not attract the SLR requirement. Had the bank borrowed outright, it would
have had to maintain 38.5 per cent of the borrowings in SLR securities.
Continuous.
The settlement process by broker


Crediting the money in their account routed
through them ( A/c payee cheque )

Dispensing the security
The mechanics of the scam
Original way to alternate settlement process

Why where they introduced ?
Started trading on their own account and
became market makers/business assistance
Brokers provided contract notes and arranged
for actual settlement by arranging correct
counter party
Settlement process
Normal process and loss of interest


Privileged corporate customer advantage
Account payee cheque
Fake B/R were made


Banks were accepting worthless security
Dispensing the security
Instrument used was the Bank receipt (BR). In a ready forward deal, securities
were not moved back and forth in actuality. Instead, the borrower, i.e., the seller of
securities, gave the buyer of the securities a BR. As the authors write, a BR
confirms the sale of securities. It acts as a receipt for the money received by the
selling bank. Hence the name - bank receipt. It promises to deliver the securities to
the buyer. It also states that in the mean time, the seller holds the securities in trust
of the buyer.

Complicit lenders- Armed with these schemes, all Mehta needed now were banks
which would readily issue fake BRs, or ones without the guarantee of any
government securities. His search ended when he found that the Bank of Karad
(BOK), Mumbai and the Metropolitan Co-operative Bank (MCB) two small and
little known lenders, were willing to comply. The two banks agreed to issue BRs
as and when required. Once they issued the fake BRs, Mehta passed them on to
other banks who in turn lent him money, under the false assumption that they were
lending against government securities.
Instrument of Fraud
Mehta used the money thus secured to enhance share prices in the stock
market. The shares were then sold for significant profits and the BR retired
when it was time to return the money to the bank.

Outcome- Mehta continued with his manipulative tactics, triggering a
massive rise in the prices of stock and thereby creating a feel-good market
trajectory. However, upon the exposure of the scam, several banks found
they were holding BRs of no value at all. Mehta had by then swindled the
banks of a staggering Rs 4,000 crore. The scam came under scathing
criticism in the Indian Parliament, leading to Mehta's eventual imprisonment.
The scams exposure led to the death of the Chairman of the Vijaya Bank
who reportedly committed suicide over the exposure. He was guilty of
having issued checks to Mehta and knew the backlash of accusations he
would have to face from the public


A) The bank sells the securities trading at a discount to a broker
at face value or at a price which is much higher than the
prevailing market prices. The broker incurs a huge loss in this
transaction as he will have to resell the securities to some
other bank at market prices.

B) The bank then buys some other securities from the same
broker at prices well above market prices. The broker,
therefore, makes a huge profit in the second transaction
which compensates him for the loss incurred in transaction.
Window Dressing Bank Balance Sheets

1) Till February 1992, the Bombay Sensitive Index was below
2000; thereafter, it rose sharply to peak at 4500 by the end
of March 1992.


2) It is rumored the Indian money converted in
todollars/pounds, and brought back as India Development
Bonds.



Where has All the Money Gone?
1) Discover and Punish the Guilty. This task has been entrusted
to the Central Bureau of InvestigationCB1) and to the Joint
Parliamentary Committee(JPC). A special court has also been
set up to facilitate speedy trial.

2) Recover the Money.
The provisions of the ordinance for attachment of property
and voiding of transactions with the consequent creation of.
"tainted" shares were attempts in this direction.





Policy Responses Required
Reform the System.
The government's response so far has consisted of
measures like banning of RF deals and going slow on
liberalization.


THANK YOU!!!