Lab Presentation on

Drying 1
GROUP NO : 17
GROUP MEMBER: NEOH KIT CHUNG
NICHOLAS A/L THILAGALINGAM
KUEK SZE LEE
CHONG PO EE
DATE OF EXPERIMENT: 11
TH
OF OCTOBER 2012
1
Outline
1. Objective
2. Motivation
3. Theory
4. Apparatus
5. Results
6. Discussion
7. Conclusion
8. Reference
2
Objective/ Aim
To study the drying kinetics of baby
carrots dried in a rapid dryer.
Can be done by altering the
parameters such as sample size and
drying temperature on drying.
To study the occurrence of various
drying period.
3
Theory
What is drying ?
- Unit operation which converts a liquid, solid or
semi liquid feed material into a solid product of
significantly lower moisture content.
- Can be related to evaporation.
- thermal energy supplied in the dryer causes
water to evaporate into water vapour.

4
Theory
Drying rate= gradient

Constant drying rate


drying rate declines over time


Reaches a plateau (zero)
5
Theory
A-B: preheating period

B-C: constant rate period

C-D: falling rate period
(surface partially wet)

D-E: falling rate period
(surface completely dry)
6
View of baby carrot
under SEM
Apparatus- Retsch Rapid Dryer
Function: For moisture
removal
Function: For further moisture removal
7
Method
Application of hot air
direct exposure of samples to hot air.
air heating increases the driving force for mass transfer

Transfer mechanism
Convective heat transfer to the surface of solids, then
conduction within it
Capillary diffusion towards the external of the solid,
followed by vaporization and convective transfer of water
vapor into the air

8
Results (comparison between
different sample sizes)
Time
(min)
Moisture Content,
MC(gH2O/g Dry Soild)
Drying Rate, R (gH2O/min
cm^2)
1cm x1 cm
at 80
2cm x 2cm
at 80
1cm x1 cm
at 80
2cm x 2cm
at 80
0 6.75 9.33 4.0 10
2
2.18 10
2

5 3.25 5.17 1.8 10
2
1.18 10
2

10 1.25 2.67 6.0 10
3
6.0 10
3

15 0.25 1.33 1.0 10
3
3.0 10
3

20 0 0.67 0 1.78 10
3

25 0 0.50 0 7.5 10
4

30 0 0 0 0
35 N/A 0 N/A 0
40 N/A 0 N/A 0
45 N/A N/A N/A N/A
Table: Comparison of Moisture Content and Drying Rate between 1cmx1cm sample at 80
and 2cmx2cm sample at 80
9
Moisture content =

Initial & final rate:

Drying Rate, R =

Discussion on effect of sample
size
10
From the graph, we can see that the
sample with area 1cm x 1cm has
greater gradient compared to 2cm x
2cm.
Smaller sample size posses greater
surface area to volume ratio.
Hence, greater exposed area to
heat and mass transfer for
evaporation .
More water can escaped from the
surface
Greater gradient indicates faster
drying.


0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0 10 20 30
M
o
i
s
t
u
r
e

C
o
n
t
e
n
t
,
M
C

(
g
H
2
0
/
g

D
r
y

S
o
l
i
d
)


Time(min)

Graph of Moisture Content vs
Drying Time
1cm x 1cm at 80
2cm x 2cm at 80

Results
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
0.03
0.035
0.04
0.25 2.25 4.25 6.25 8.25
D
r
y
i
n
g

R
a
t
e
,

R

(
g

H
2
0
/
m
i
n

c
m
^
2
)

Moisture Content,MC
(gH20/g Dry Solid)
Graph of Drying Rate vs Moisture
Content
1cm x 1cm at 80
2cm x 2cm at 80
11
Diffusivity (difference in sample
size)
Ficks Law of diffusion:
=
8

2
exp (

2
)

Rearranging
=

=6.955 x 108
2
/s
(1cm x 1cm at 80)

=1.977 x 108
2
/s
(2cm x 2cm at 80)

12
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
l
n

M
R

Drying time(min)
Graph of ln MR vs Drying Time
1cm x 1cm at 80C
2cm x 2cm at 80C
Results (comparison between
different temperatures)
Time(min)

Moisture Content, MC(g H20/g
Dry Solid)
Drying Rate, R (gH20/min
cm^2)
1cm x1 cm at
80
1cm x1 cm at
60
1cm x1 cm at
80
1cm x1 cm at
60
2 2.000 3.92 9.75 10
3
2.048 10
2

4 1.000 2.38 4.50 10
3
1.248 10
2

6 0.385 1.46 1.25 10
3
7.735 10
3

8 0 0.92 0 5.005 10
3

10 0 0.62 0 3.023 10
3

12 0 0.31 0 2.015 10
3

14 N/A 0.31 N/A 2.015 10
3

16 N/A 0.31 N/A 2.015 10
3

Table: Comparison of Moisture Content and Drying Rate between 1cm x1 cm at
80 and1cm x1 cm at 60

13
Discussion on effect of
temperature
14
Gradient of graph drying rate
versus moisture content is
greater for higher temperature.
water molecules possess
greater kinetic energy
Higher rate of mass transfer
of water vapour.
More heat is carried away
per unit time.
Shorter time to reach
equilibrium moisture content,
from the graph
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
M
o
i
s
t
u
r
e

C
o
n
t
e
n
t
,
M
C

(
g
H
2
0
/
g

D
r
y

S
o
l
i
d
)

Drying Time(min)
Graph of Moisture Content vs
Drying Time
"1cm x 1cm sample
at 80"
1cm x 1cm sample
at 60
Results
y = 0.0053x - 0.0008
y = 0.0051x + 0.0003
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
D
r
y
i
n
g

R
a
t
e
,
R

(
g
H
2
0
/
m
i
n

c
m
^
2
)

Moisture Content,MC
(gH20/g Dry Solid)
Graph of drying rate vs moisture content
1cm x 1cm at 80 1cm x 1cm at 60
15
Diffusivity (difference in
temperature)
Ficks Law of diffusion:
=
8

2
exp (

2
)

Rearranging
=

=4.285 x 108
2
/s
(1cm x 1cm at 60)

=6.955 x 108
2
/s
(1cm x 1cm at 80)


16
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
0 5 10 15
l
n

M
R

Drying Time(min)
Graph of ln MR vs Drying Time
1cm x 1cm at 80C
1cm x 1cm at 60C
Activation Energy
17
Gradient=-

= -2941.2

Activation energy
= 24.45 kJ/mol
(within the diffusivity range
of 20-30 kJ/mol)

Y- intercept= ln
0
=
8.1765

0
= 2.8118 x 10^-4




y = -2941.2x - 8.1765
-17.1
-17
-16.9
-16.8
-16.7
-16.6
-16.5
-16.4
0.0028 0.00285 0.0029 0.00295 0.003 0.00305
l
n

1/T (1/K)
Graph of ln vs 1/T
Correct
method!
Further Discussion on effect of
different temperatures
Can be explained using Arrhenius equation.
From Arrhenius Equation,

=
0

= effective Diffusivity
Do= constant diffusivity
Ea= activation energy
R= gas constant
Greater temperature, higher effective diffusivity, hence faster drying
process.
18
Discussion on occurrence of
the various drying period
No constant drying rate period ?
Occur for fully wetted surface
sample, involve mass transfer of
water from the surface into the
air
Falling rate Period:
The samples, baby carrots are
porous materials.
Action of diffusion of internal
moisture to travel to the surface,
and evaporation.


19
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0 2 4 6
D
r
y
i
n
g

R
a
t
e
,
R

(
g
H
2
0
/
m
i
n

c
m
^
2
)

Moisture Content,MC
(gH20/g Dry Solid)
Graph of drying rate vs
moisture content
1cm x 1cm at 80 1cm x 1cm at 60
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.25 5.25
D
r
y
i
n
g

R
a
t
e
,

R

(
g

H
2
0
/
m
i
n

c
m
^
2
)

Moisture Content,MC
(gH20/g Dry Solid)
Graph of Drying Rate vs Moisture
Content
1cm x 1cm at
80
2cm x 2cm at
80
Conclusions
The higher the temperature, the higher the
drying rate
The larger the surface area of sample size, the
higher the drying rate.
There is only falling drying rate period for this
experiment.
20
Reference
Richardson, J.F., Harker, J.H. and Backhurst, J.R. (2002).
Coulson & Richardsons Chemical Engineering Volume 2:
Particle Technology and Separation Processes, 5
th
ed.,
Great Britain: Butterworth Heinemann.

21
22
Q&A