Health is defined as a state of complete

physical, mental, social and emotional well being

Healthy people are more efficient at work
which increases the productivity and
economic prosperity.
1.Genetic disorders.
2.Infection
3.Life style and habits relating to food and
hygiene.
1. It increases efficiency of work.
2.It increases prosperity.
3.Infant and maternal mortality is reduced.
1.Awareness about diseases and their effects.
2.Vaccination against infectious diseases.
3.Control of vectors.
4. Proper disposal of wastes.
5. Maintenance of hygienic food and water.
When functioning of one or more systems of
body is adversely affected and is associated
with signs and symptoms-called disease.
1. Infectious diseases-Diseases which are
easily transmitted from one person to
another.
. They are caused by pathogen.
ex. cold, AIDS.
2.Non infectious - diseases-Diseases which
are not transmitted from one person to
another.
They occur due to hereditary factors, habits
etc.
ex. Cancer. Diabetics .
1. Viral diseases . Ex. Polio, Common cold,
Measles, Rabies.
2.Bacterial diseases. Ex. Typhoid, Pneumonia,
Plague, Diphtheria, Tetanus.
3. Protozoan diseases. Ex . Malaria,
Amoebiasis.
4. Fungal diseases. Ex. Ring worm.
5. Helminthic diseases. Ex. Filariasis,
Taeniasis

1.The pathogen enter the body by various
means(direct contact, droplet infection
,contaminated food and water.)
2.Pathogen causes morphological and
functional damage.
3.Pathogen are adapted to the environment
of host
COMMON COLD.
It is caused by Rhinoviruses
Areas of infection- nose, respiratory tract but
not lungs.
Symptoms- nasal congestion and discharge,
sore throat, cough, headache, tiredness
,hoarseness , which lasts for 3-7 days.
It is transmitted by cough and sneezing
(droplet infection)
Typhoid (enteric fever).
It is caused by Salmonella typhi.
Pathogens are carried by contaminated food
and water.
Pathogen enters the intestine and then other
parts through body fluids.
Symptoms-
1.Sustained high fever(103-104 degree F).
2. stomach pain.
3.Loss of appetite
4.Constipation.
5.Headache
In severe cases intestinal perforations may
occur leading to death.
A test to confirm typhoid infection is WIDAL
TEST
PNEUMONIA.
This disease is caused by Streptococcus
pneumonia and Haemophilus influenzae.
Areas of infection- alveoli of lungs, it filled
with a fluid results in difficulty in breathing.
Symptoms-
1.Fever.
2.Head ache
3. Cough.
4.Chills
In severe cases the lips and finger may turn
to grey to bluish in colour.
The infection spreads by sputum of the
patient
MALARIA.
This disease is caused by Plasmodium vivax,
P. malaria, P. falciparum, P.ovale.
The most serious malignant malaria is caused
by P.falciparum.
Infection occurs through the bite of female
Anopheles mosquito.
Mosquito which transfers the sporozoites of
Plasmodium.
1. Plasmodium enters human body as
sporozoite.
2.It reach liver and blood and reproduce
asexually so that cells burst. Cell bursting
leads to fever due to release of toxic
substance called Haemozoin.
3. Released pathogen from liver then attack
fresh RBC cells.,release more Haemozoin
4.Sexual stages (GAMETOCYTES) develop in
RBC . So that when female anopheles bites
human, it takes up gametocytes along with
blood to complete sexual cycle in intestine
of mosquito.
5.Fusion of gametes take place, zygote
develops into Sporozoite, Sporozoite
formation take place in the stomach wall of
mosquito.
6, Sporozoites are then transported into the
salivary glands of mosquito from where it is
transferred to human body during mosquito
bite.
Chloroquine is used for its treatment.
The infection can be prevented by
eradicating the mosquitoes and avoiding
mosquito bite
The disease is caused by Entamoeba histolytica.
Infection occurs through contaminated food and
water.
The pathogen resides in large intestine.
Symptoms.
1. Abdominal pain and cramp.
2. Stool with excess mucous and blood clots.
3.Constipation alternating with diarrhoea.
House flies carries and transfer the parasites from
the faeces of infected person.
RING WORM-
It is caused by Microsporum, Epidermophyton
and Trichophyton.
SYMPTOMS.
1.Dry scaly lesons on skin,nails and scalp.
Infection of ring worm is generally caused by
soil or direct contact with infected articles.
CONTROL MEASURE
1.Maintenance of personal hygiene.
Use antifungal to treat.
Avoid close contact with the infected persons
1.ASCARIASIS-
It is caused by Ascaris lumbricoides.
Symptoms.
1.Blockage of intestinal passage.
2.Anaemia.
3.Abdominal pain.
4.Internal bleeding.
5. Nausea and headache.
Infection occurs through contaminated food
and water, which contain eggs of parasite.
It is caused by Wuchereria bancrofti/
W. malayi.
It affect the lymphatic vessels of lower limb
and scrotum causing their inflammation.
The female Culex mosquito is the vector.
The ability of an organism to fight the
disease causing organism confirmed by the
immune system is called immunity.
TYPES.
1.Innate immunity.
2.Acquired immunity.-TYPES.
a. Active immunity.
b. Passive immunity.
c. Humoral immunity.(Antibody mediated
immunity).(AMI)
d.Cell mediated immunity (CMI)
It is non specific type.
It includes all the defense elements with
which an individual is born.
Innate immunity provides different types of
barriers. Which are
1.Physical barriers-ex. 1.skin, which prevent
entry of micro organisms.
2. Mucous coating of
epithelium which is present in respiratory,
gastro intestinal and urinogenital tract, which
trap micro organisms.
2.Physiological barriers-ex. Acids of stomach,
lysozyme of saliva and tears- all prevent
microbial growth.
3.Cellular barriers. (lymphocytes/WBC)
-ex.1. Natural killer cells.
2.Neutrophills.
3.Monocytes.
4. Macrophages.
These specialized cells which phagocytose
and destroy the microbes.
4.Cytokine Barrieres. Ex Interferon.
Interferon are chemicals secreted by virus
infected cells , which protected non infected
cells from further infection.
It is pathogen specific immunity which is
present only in vertebrates.
It is the immunity acquired by a person after
birth during the life time either by
contracting the disease or by vaccination.
It has specificity and memory .
It has the ability to distinguish between self
and non self ( foreign molecules)
Specificity is the ability to distinguish many
foreign molecules.
Memory means that when a pathogen
enters the body for the first time, a low
intensity primary response is produced and it
retain some memory cells which produce a
highly intensified secondary response on
subsequent encounter with the pathogen.
ACTIVE IMMUNITY PASSIVE IMMUNITY
1.It produced antibodies
by our own cells in
response to antigens
1.It developed when
antibodies developed in
other vertebrates in
response to deliberate
injection of antigen are
injected into our body.
2 It take time to develop
immunity.
2. It produce fast immune
response.
3. It stays longer periods.

Ex Immunity developed
during natural exposure
to pathogens
3. It stays for shorter
periods.
Ex. Tetanus anti toxin
HUMORAL IMMUNITY.
It is an acquired immunity.
It is an antibody mediated immunity(A MIS)
Mediated by lymphocytes.
The system function through the formation of
antibodies
It is effective against those pathogen that
enter through body fluids.
It is little effective against cancer and organ
transplants.
CELLMEDIATED IMMUNITY.
It is an acquired immunity.
It is a cell mediated immune system( C MIS).
It is mediated by T-lymphocytes
The system function directly through T-cells.
It pass into the host cells
It operates against cancer and organ
transplantation.
Each antibody consists of four polypeptide
chains.
They form a Y shaped structure
The tips of two upper arms binds to the
antigen to form antigen antibody complex.
Two of the polypeptide chains are long and
heavy(H chains) while the other two are short
,called light chain(L chains).H2L2.
IgA.(Alpha).
lgD(Delta).