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Cancer cells must have independent ability to divide continuously and out of control. When a cancer cell divides, it often results in a cell with an abnormal number of chromosomes. In some cancers, the cell divisions are perfectly normal.
Cancer cells must have independent ability to divide continuously and out of control. When a cancer cell divides, it often results in a cell with an abnormal number of chromosomes. In some cancers, the cell divisions are perfectly normal.
Cancer cells must have independent ability to divide continuously and out of control. When a cancer cell divides, it often results in a cell with an abnormal number of chromosomes. In some cancers, the cell divisions are perfectly normal.
2005 Carcinogenesis The Development of Cancer 10/3/2014 2 10/3/2014 3 10/3/2014 4 10/3/2014 5 10/3/2014 6 10/3/2014 7 10/3/2014 8 10/3/2014 9 Mitosis gone mad INTERPHASE PROPHASE METAPHASE ANAPHASE EARLY TELOPHASE LATE TELOPHASE Extra Centriole Extra Spindle Apparatus Abnormal Nuclear Cluster Extra Centriole Unequal Daughter Cells, with abnormal Nuclei formed 10/3/2014 10 Oncogene initiation Transcription Translation Binding Site for Repressor Structural Genes Regulator Gene Promoter Sequence for Regulator Gene 10/3/2014 11 Generation of oncogene by radiation 10/3/2014 12 Virus releases its nucleic acid into Cell RETROVIRUS Human Cell protei n coat RNA DNA The viral enzyme "reverse Transcriptase" turns viral RNA into double stranded DNA. cDNA incorporates itself into host's own DNA - this could "switch on" an oncogene. 10/3/2014 13 Normal Tissue with a few abnormal cells growing and dividing (anaplasia). 10/3/2014 14 THE FOUR BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF CANCER CELLS The cells of the cancer, at least at its beginning, must have been derived from a single cell that went wrong.
The cell must have independent ability to divide continuously and out of control.
The cell must be able to separate from its neighbouring cells and move to a new location where a new mass of cells will develop.
When a cancer cell divides, it often results in a cell with an abnormal number of chromosomes, either more or less than the normal complement. This characteristic varies strongly with the type of cancer. In some cancers, the cell divisions are perfectly normal. 10/3/2014 15 THE SEVEN DANGER SIGNS OF CANCER 1. A change in bowel or bladder habits. 2. A sore that doesn't heal. 3. Unusual bleeding or discharge. 4. A thickening lump in the breast or elsewhere in the body. 5. Indigestion or difficulty in swallowing. 6. Obvious changes in a wart or mole. 7. A persistent nagging cough or hoarseness. 10/3/2014 16 Ways to memorize signs Cough C Change Climbs Lump Indigestion Mole Bleeding Sore 10/3/2014 17 Review of Carcinogenesis The Development of a Cancer 1) INITIATION a chemical (e.g. cigarette smoke, asbestos, benzene, DDT) or radiation (e.g. U.V. light, X-rays, gamma rays) mutagen causes a mutation in DNA that turns a protooncogene into an oncogene. The mutagen that does this is called an INITIATOR. 10/3/2014 18 2) PROMOTION Exposure to a promoter after initiation will speed up the development of cancer. e.g. a promoter could be cigarette smoke, U.V. light, a high fat/low fiber diet. Promoters trigger uncontrolled growth. 10/3/2014 19 3) TUMOR DEVELOPMENT
uncontrolled growth of cancerous cells. (a new growth of cancerous cells is called a neoplasia). a primary tumor forms. the cells of the tumor are undifferentiated and resemble embryonic cells (this property of cancer cells is called anaplasia). the tumor cells release chemicals that cause increased vascularization of the tumor (i.e. more blood vessels grow towards the tumor). The tumor cells release proteases that allow the tumor to grow into surrounding tissue. 10/3/2014 20 METASTASIS
Tumor cells acquire the ability to break free from the primary tumor and invade blood vessels or lymph vessels. These cells travel in the blood or lymph, and go to other sites in the body, where they leave the blood or lymph and grow into new tumors (called secondary tumors) Cancer at this stage is very difficult to treat effectively. 10/3/2014 21