MATHEMATICS

(ALGEBRA)
DAY 1
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4
th
floor, Coast Pacific Downtown Center, Sanciangko St., Cebu City Tel. 254-3384
Manila: 4
th
Flr. Anacleta Bldg. 891 Galicia St. cor. Espana Ave. Sampaloc Manila (Tel. 742-56-00)
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NUMBER SYSTEM
Imaginary Number (i)
Rational Number Irrational Number
( + )
Real Number
Complex Number number that is expressible in the form of a + bi.
Real numbers is any number that can be represented by a
decimal.
Rational Numbers - numbers that can be expressed as a fraction of two
integers.
Terminating decimals.
Ex. , 3/4
Non-terminating, repeating decimals.
Ex. 1/3, 2/3
Irrational Numbers - numbers that cannot be expressed as a fraction of
two integers.
Non-terminating, non-repeating decimals
Example: , t, e, etc.
Imaginary number are numbers that contains imaginary i.

7
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i = 1
( ) 1 1 i
2
2
= =

i i ) 1 ( i . i i
2 3
= = =

1 ) 1 )( 1 ( i . i i
2 2 4
= = =
Real numbers The rational and irrational numbers
Prime Number integer greater than 1 that is divisible
only by 1 and itself.
Ex. 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19 .
Natural numbers {1, 2, 3, }
Whole numbers {0, 1, 2, 3, ..}
Integers {.., -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3,}
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SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
Example: Find the significant figures of the following:

1. 46 2 significant figures
2. 34000 5 significant figures
3. 3.4 x 10
4
2 significant figures
4. 45.60 4 significant figures
5. 68.00 4 significant figures
6. 1.0230 5 significant figures
7. 0.0010300 5 significant figures

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FACTORING

ay ax ) y x ( a + = + 1.
ab x ) b a ( x ) b x )( a x (
2
+ + + = + + 2.
) y x )( y x ( y x
2 2
+ =
(difference of squares)
3.
2 2 2
y xy 2 x ) y x ( + + = + 4.
2 2 2
y xy 2 x ) y x ( + =
5.
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FACTORING

6.
3 2 2 3 3
y xy 3 y x 3 x ) y x ( + + + = +
7.
3 2 2 3 3
y xy 3 y x 3 x ) y x ( + =
(difference of cubes)
8.
) y xy x )( y x ( y x
2 2 3 3
+ + =
10.
xz 2 yz 2 xy 2 z y x ) z y x (
2 2 2 2
+ + + + + = + +
9.
) y xy x )( y x ( y x
2 2 3 3
+ + = +
(sum of cubes)
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LAWS OF EXPONENTS
1 x
0
= 1.
b
a b / a
x x =
2.
ab b a
x ) x ( =
3.
b a b a
x x . x
+
= 4.
b a b a
x x x

= 5.
a a a
y . x ) y . x ( =
6.
a a a a a
y . x y / x ) y / x (

= =
7.
a a
x x / 1 =

8.
b a then x x
b a
= =
9.
1/1 = 1
10.
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LAWS OF EXPONENTS
11.
0/1 = 0
12.
1/0 = infinity
13.
1/ = 0
14.
0/0 = indeterminate
15.
/ = indeterminate
0
0 16. = indeterminate
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1. How many significant digits does 10.097 have?
A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5
2. Simplify the following expression: i
3217
- i
427
+ i
18

A. 1 + 2i B. 1 i C. -1 + 2i D. 1 + i
3. The sum of all prime numbers between 1 and 15 is _____.
A. 39 B. 41 C. 46 D. 120
4. Solve 3 . (9)
2k
= (3
5
)
k
for k.
5. Expand (x - 2)
3
- 8y
3
.
6. Find the possible factors of 4x
5
4x
4
+ 25x
3
30x
2
99x + 54.
A. (x 2) B. (2x 1) C. (2x + 3) D. All of the above
7. The function f(x) = (x
2
4)/(x
3
2x
2
3x + 10) is discontinuous
at x= ?
A. 2 B. -2 C. either A or B D. Neither A or B
PROBLEMS:
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EQUATIONS:
1. LINEAR EQUATION (First Degree Equation)

A. Linear equations with one unknown
Example: 3x + 2 = x + 8
Solution: Simple transposition

B. Linear Equations with two or more unknowns
Example: x + y = 4 and x y = 2
Solution:
1. Substitution method
2. Elimination method
3. Determinants
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EQUATIONS:
2. QUADRATIC EQUATION (Second Degree Equation)

A. Quadratic Equations with only one unknown
General equation: ax
2
+ bx + c = 0

Solution:
1. Quadratic formula
2. Completing the square
3. Factoring if factorable
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EQUATIONS:
Quadratic Formula
A quadratic equation is an equation of the
general form ax
2
+ bx + c = 0. The roots, x
1

and x
2
, of the equation are the two values of x
that satisfy it.

From the equation ax
2
+ bx + c = 0

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EQUATIONS:
a 2
ac 4 b b
x
2

=
Where: b
2
-4ac is known as discriminant
Note:
b
2
= 4ac - the roots are real and equal. There is
only one real solution
b
2
> 4ac - the roots are real and unequal.
b
2
< 4ac - the roots are imaginary and
conjugate imaginary.
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EQUATIONS:
Properties of roots:
Sum of roots: x
1
+ x
2
=
a
b
Product of roots: x
1
x
2
=
a
c
B. Quadratic equations with two unknowns:
Example: x
2
y
2
= 8 and x
2
+ y
2
= 10:

Solution:
1. Elimination method
2. Substitution method
3. Determinants

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EQUATIONS:
3. CUBIC EQUATION (Third Degree Equation)
General Equation: ax
3
+ bx
2
+ cx + d = 0

Solution:
1. Synthetic division
2. Factoring if factorable
3. Trial and error
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EQUATIONS:
4. QUADRIC EQUATION (Fourth Degree Equation)
General Equation: ax
4
+ bx
3
+ cx
2
+ dx + c = 0
Solution:
1. Synthetic division
2. Factoring if factorable
3. Trial and error
5. EQUATIONS SOLVABLE ONLY BY TRIAL AND ERROR
Example:
Solve for m 0.0984 = (1 + 0.095/m)
m
- 1

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PROBLEMS
1. If 4y = 3x, then, what is the value of

A. 4/3 B. C. 2/3 D. 3/2
2. Solve for x in the equations:
x (x + y + z) = 2; y (x + y + z) = 6; and z (x + y + z) = 8.
A. B. 1 C. 1.5 D. 2

3. If what is the value of z?
A. 0.453 B. 0.618 C. 0.816 D. 0.681
?
y 4
x 3
2
2
....... 1 1 1 z =
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PROBLEMS
4. What is the value of k to make the expression
kx
2
3kx + 9 a perfect square?
A. 2 B. 4 C. 3 D. 5
5. Find the value of x which will satisfy the following
expression:

A. x = 3/2 B. x = 9/4 C. x = 18/6 D. none of these
6. Evaluate: A x B.


2 x 2 x + =
6 4 4
7 6 3
4 2 1
B
3 5 0
7 2 4
0 6 1
A



= =
53 18 3
72 24 26
46 34 17
. Ans



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