ACI DS & BASES

Presentation by
JANAT PREET
Submitted to
Mr.VINAY SHARMA
Acids
Bases
Strong and weak acids and bases .
Indicators
Ph scale
Ionisation in water
Neutralisation reactions
Environmental hazard - acid rain


CONTENTS
Acids
Produce H
+
(as H
3
O
+
) ions in water
Produce a negative ion (-) too
Taste sour
React with several metals releasing H
2(g)
corrosion
React with carbonates releasing CO
2(g)
Turn blue litmus (vegetable dye) red
React with bases to form salts and water
Destroy body tissue , corrosion of metals
Bases
Produce OH
-
ions in water
Taste bitter, chalky
are electrolytes
Feel soapy, slippery
React with acids to form salts and water

Strengths of Acids and Bases
Strong acids completely ionize (100%) in
aqueous solutions
HCl + H
2
O H
3
O
+
+ Cl
-
(100 % ions)
Strong bases completely (100%) dissociate into
ions in aqueous solutions.
NaOH Na
+
(aq) + OH
-
(aq)
(100 % ions)

Weak acids do not dissociate into H+
completely in water .eg H
2
CO
3
(l)

CH
3
COOH
(l)
+H
2
O H
+

(aq)
+ CH
3
COO
-

(aq)

Weak bases
similarly do not completely ionise in water eg.

NH
3(g)
+ H
2
O NH
4

+

(aq)
+ OH

(aq)


HCO
3

(aq)
+ H
2
O

H
2
CO
3

(aq)
+ OH
-
(aq)










Strengths of acids and bases.
Strong acids and strong bases are good
electrolytes due to 100% ionisation into H
+

and
OH
-
ions respectively in water. good
conductors
Severe burns to body tissue
Strong acids H
2
SO
4(l);
HNO
3(l)

strong bases NaOH ;KOH; also k/a alkalis.
Weak acids and weak bases are weak electrolytes
(lesser concentration of ions)
Most acids in nature are weak eg.acetic acid
citrus acid etc.
Weak bases eg Al(OH)
3
Mg(OH)
2

a.Strong acid (hydrochloric acid) b. weak acid (carbonic acid)
INDICATORS
To decide if something is an acid or a base
we can use an indicator.
Litmus and Universal Indicator are
examples of indicators.
They change colour depending on if they
are in an acid or a base.


pH
pH stands for power of hydrogen From the French
pouvoir hydrogene
First given by Soren Sorenson

It is measured on a scale of 0 to 14.

The formal definition of pH is the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion
activity.
pH = -log[H+] or ph = -log [H
3
O
+
]
also
[H
3
O
+
] = 1 x 10
-exponent


the exponent = pH
[H
3
O
+
] = 1 x 10
-pH
M



pH value
The pH value of a substance is directly
related to the ratio of the hydrogen ion
and hydroxyl ion concentrations.
If the H+ concentration is higher than OH-
the material is acidic.
If the OH- concentration is higher than H+
the material is basic.
7 is neutral, < is acidic, >7 is basic
Acid Base Concentrations
pH = 3
pH = 7
pH = 11
OH
-
H
3
O
+
OH
-
OH
-
H
3
O
+
H
3
O
+
[H
3
O
+
] = [OH
-
]
[H
3
O
+
] > [OH
-
]
[H
3
O
+
] < [OH
-
]
acidic
solution
neutral
solution
basic
solution
c
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

(
m
o
l
e
s
/
L
)

10
-14
10
-7
10
-1
pH scale
This scale is used to
tell the concentration
of H
+
ions versus OH
-

ions
Things that are
neutral are a 7 acids
are below 7 and
bases are above
Ionization of Water
Occasionally, in water, a H
+
is transferred
between H
2
O molecules. Important equilibrium
is set up .
. . . . . . . .
H:O: + :O:H H:O:H
+
+ :O:H
-

. . . . . . . .

H

H H
water molecules hydronium hydroxide

ion +
ion (-)



Ion Product of Water K
w
K
w
Is the water constant .It is the product of molar
concentrations of H+ and OH- ions in the above
equilibrium reaction
[ ] = Molar concentration

K
w
= [ H
3
O
+
] [ OH
-
]

= [ 1 x 10
-7
][ 1 x 10
-7
]

= 1 x 10
-14

also

p
K
w
= -log K
w




pOH
pOH is sometimes used as a measure of the
concentration of hydroxide ions, OH

, or
alkalinity .
pOH is not measured independently, but is
derived from pH. pOH =
The concentration of hydroxide ions in water is
related to the concentration of hydrogen ions by
[OH

] = K
W
/[H
+
]
where K
W
is the self ionisation constant of water.
pOH= -log [OH

]

Acid Base Neutralization
Reactions
When acid and bases with equal amounts of hydrogen
ion H
+
and hydroxide ions OH
-
are mixed, the resulting
solution is neutral( salt and water ).

NaOH (aq) + HCl(aq) NaCl + H
2
O
base acid salt water
H
3
O
+
and OH
-
combine to produce water

H
3
O
+
+ OH
-
2 H
2
O
from acid from base neutral

Net ionic equation:
H
+
+ OH
-
H
2
O

Key Concepts:
Acids and Bases
Acid Base
produce produce
H + ions OH- ions
100% Small %
Strong
acid
Weak
acid
100% Small %

Strong
base

Weak
base
Ionization in water
gives
H+
OH-
product
[H+] x [OH-]
is
pH
undergo
Neutralization
to form
Salt &
Water
Some Practical applications of
pH

pH
measurements
are important
in medicine,
biology,
chemistry,
agriculture,
forestry,food
science,
environment
science
oceanography,
civil
engineering
and many
others

For medicinal
purposes.eg:
antacids

Biology: Almost
all human
secretions are
basic except
gastric
juice(HCl)

For
agriculture.
Knowing the
pH of the soil
can help in
better and
effective
production .
The pH can be
manipulated by
adding lime or
fertilisers
. For effective
water and
food
treatment for
safe
consumption
and healthy
living.
. Preventing
environment
al hazards
like acid rain

Industrial
and chemical
production .
Buffer
solutions
Antacids
Medicines are based on the principle of acid-base
neutralisation r*ns
Used to neutralize stomach acid (HCl)
Many contain one or more weak bases
Alka-Seltzer: NaHCO
3
, citric acid, and aspirin
Di-gel: CaCO
3
and Mg(OH)
2

Gelusil: Al(OH)
3
and Mg(OH)
2

Maalox: Al(OH)
3
and Mg(OH)
2


Mylanta: Al(OH)
3
and Mg(OH)
2


ACID RAIN
Unpolluted rain has a pH of 5.6
Rain with a pH below 5.6 is acid rain
CO
2
in the air forms carbonic acid
CO
2
+ H
2
O H
2
CO
3

Adds to H
+
of rain
H
2
CO
3
H
+
(aq) + HCO
3
-(aq)
Other acidic gases that cause acid rain
SO
2
26 million tons in 1980

NO and NO
2
22 million tons in 1980
Acidic rain reactions
Reactions with oxygen in air form SO
3

2SO
2
+ O
2
2 SO
3


Reactions with water in air form acids
SO
3
+ H
2
O H
2
SO
4
sulphuric acid
NO + H
2
O HNO
2
nitrous acid
HNO
2
+ H
2
O HNO
3
nitric acid



Sources of Acid Rain

Power stations
Oil refineries
Coal with high S content
Car and truck emissions
Bacterial decomposition, and lighting
hitting N
2


Effects of acid rain
Respiratory problems in humans
Leaches Al from soil, which kills fish and other
marine organisms
Corrodes sculpture and monuments . The Taj is the best
example
Sculpture
affected
by acid
rain
Taj
mahal
1958
and
now
2009


THANKYOU.