THE ORIGIN OF ELECTRICITY

The electrical nature of matter is inherent

in atomic structure.
kg 10 673 . 1
27
=
p
m
kg 10 675 . 1
27
=
n
m
kg 10 11 . 9
31
=
e
m
C 10 60 . 1
19
= e
coulombs
THE ORIGIN OF ELECTRICITY
-There are two kinds of electric charge: positive
and negative. The SI unit of electric charge is
the Coulomb (C). The magnitude of the charge
on an electron or a proton is
e = 1.60 x 10
-19
C
-The law of conservation of electric charge
states that the net electric charge of an isolated
system remains constant during any process.
-Electric repulsion and attraction: Like charges
repel, unlike charges attract, and charged
bodies attract (never repel) neutral bodies.

18.1 THE ORIGIN OF ELECTRICITY
In nature, atoms are normally
found with equal numbers of
protons and electrons, so they
are electrically neutral.

By adding or removing
electrons
from matter it will acquire a net
electric charge with magnitude
equal to e times the number of
electrons added or removed, N.
Ne q =
18.2 CHARGED OBJ ECTS AND THE ELECTRIC FORCE
It is possible to transfer electric charge from one
object to another.
The body that loses electrons has a deficiency of
negative charge (more protons than electrons),
while the body that gains electrons has an excess
of negative charge (more electrons than protons).
18.2 CHARGED OBJ ECTS AND THE ELECTRIC FORCE
Like charges repel and
unlike
charges attract each other.
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
1. An electron has a charge whose magnitude
is e = 1.60 x 10
-19
C. How many electrons are
there in one Coulomb of negative charge?
Soln:
N = q/e = -1 C/ -1.60 x 10
-19
C
= 6 x 10
18
electrons
2. In a chemical reaction, an aluminum atom
loses three electrons to become an aluminum
ion. An ion is a charged atom. What is the
charge (in Coulomb) on this ion?
Soln:
q = N e = 3 (+ 1.60 x 10
-19
C)
= + 4.80 x 10
-19
C

SAMPLE PROBLEMS
3. A metal sphere A (with a positive charge of 2.0 x
10
-10
C) is touched by another sphere B (with a
positive charge of 8.0 x 10
-10
C) . A and B are the
same size. a) What is the total charge when they
are touching? b) What is the charge on each when
they are separated? C) Do spheres A and B end up
with excess or with deficiency in electrons? How
many electrons?
Soln:
a) q
total
= q
1
+ q
2
= 2.0 x 10
-10
C + 8.0 x 10
-10
C
= + 10.0 x 10
-10
C
b) q
1
= q
2
= q
total
/ 2 = + 10.0 x 10
-10
C/ 2
= +5.0 x 10
-10
C
c) deficiency, since each sphere has a positive
charge. N = q/e = +5.0 x 10
-10
C/+1.6 x 10
-19
C
= 3.1 x 10
9
electrons
SEATWORK
1. A conducting sphere has a net charge of 2.4 10
17
C.
What is the approximate number of excess electrons on
the sphere?

2. Each of three objects has a net charge. Objects A and B
attract one another. Objects B and C also attract one
another, but objects A and C repel one another. What is the
sign of each of the net charges on these three objects?


18.3 CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS
Not only can electric charge exist on an object, but it can also move
through an object.

Substances that readily conduct electric charge are called electrical
conductors.

Materials that conduct electric charge poorly are called electrical
insulators.


METHODS OF CHARGING
-Charging by contact (or conduction):
-the process of giving one object a net
electric charge by placing it in contact with
an object that is already charged.
-Charging by induction
-the process of giving an object a net electric
charge without touching it to a charged
object.
-Charging by friction
-the process of giving an object a net electric
charge by rubbing it with another object with
a different ability to lose (or gain) electron(s).
18.4 CHARGING BY CONTACT AND BY INDUCTION
Charging by contact.
18.4 CHARGING BY CONTACT AND BY INDUCTION
Charging by induction.
18.4 CHARGING BY CONTACT AND BY INDUCTION
The negatively charged rod induces a slight positive surface charge
on the plastic.
COULOMBS LAW
-A point charge is a charge that occupies so
little space that it can be regarded as a
mathematical point.
-Coulombs law gives the magnitude F of the
electric force that two point charges q
1
and q
2

exert on each other:
/q
1
//q
2
/
F = k -----------
r
2

Where /q
1
/ and /q
2
/ are the magnitudes of the
charges and have no algebraic sign. The term
k is a constant equal to 9 x 10
9
Nm
2
/C
2
.
18.5 COULOMBS LAW
COULOMBS LAW

The magnitude of the electrostatic force exerted by one point charge
on another point charge is directly proportional to the magnitude of the
charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between
them.
2
2 1
r
q q
k F =
( )
2 2 9
C m N 10 99 . 8 4 1 = =
o
k tc
( )
2 2 12
m N C 10 85 . 8 =

o
c
EXAMPLES OF ELECTRICAL FORCE CALCULATEDI
Example 1 Electric force vs. gravitational force
An particle is the nucleus of a helium atom. It has mass
m = 6.64 x 10
-27
kg and charge q = +2e = 3.2 x 10
-19
C.
Compare the force of the electric repulsion between
two particles with the force of gravitational attraction
between them.
Soln: F
e
+ F
g
+ F
e
r
F
e
= kq
2
/r
2
F
g
= Gm
2
/r
2

(9.0 x 10
9
)(3.2 x 10
-19
C)
2
F
e
/F
g
= kq
2
/Gm
2
= -----------------------------------(in SI units)
(6.67 x 10
-11
)(6.64 x 10
-27
)
2
= 3.1 x 10
35
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
18.5 COULOMBS LAW
18.5 COULOMBS LAW
Example 3 A Model of the Hydrogen Atom

In the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom, the electron is in
orbit about the nuclear proton at a radius of 5.29x10
-11
m.
Determine the speed of the electron, assuming the orbit to
be circular.
2
2 1
r
q q
k F =
18.5 COULOMBS LAW
( )( )
( )
N 10 22 . 8
m 10 29 . 5
C 10 60 . 1 C m N 10 99 . 8
8
2
11
2
19 2 2 9
2
2 1

= =
r
q q
k F
r mv ma F
c
2
= =
( )( )
s m 10 18 . 2
kg 10 9.11
m 10 29 . 5 N 10 22 . 8
6
31 -
11 8
=

= =

m Fr v
VECTOR ADDITION OF ELECTRIC FORCES ON A LINE

Example 1: Three point charges are located on the
positive x-axis of a coordinate system, as shown in the
diagram. Determine the net force on point charge q
1
.

18.5 COULOMBS LAW
( )( )( )
( )
N 7 . 2
m 20 . 0
C 10 0 . 4 C 10 0 . 3 C m N 10 00 . 9
2
6 6 2 2 9
2
2 1
12
=

= =

r
q q
k F
( )( )( )
( )
N 4 . 8
m 15 . 0
C 10 0 . 7 C 10 0 . 3 C m N 10 00 . 9
2
6 6 2 2 9
2
3 1
13
=

= =

r
q q
k F
3
q towards N 5.7 or 5.7N N 4 . 8 N 7 . 2
13 12
+ = + = + = F F F

EXAMPLE 2

2.Three point charges are arranged on a line. Charge q
3
=
+5.00 nC and is at the origin. Charge q
2
= -3.00 nC and is
at x = +4.00 cm. Charge q
1
is at x = +2.00 cm. What is q
1

(magnitude and sign) if the net force on q
3
is zero?
Soln: q
3
= +5.00 nC q
1
= ? nC q
2
= -3.00 nC

0 2 cm 4 cm
vector diagram of forces acting on q
3
:
q
3

F
31
F
32
= attractive force by q
2


repulsive force by q
1

F
net
= F
32
+ F
31
= 0 F
32
= 9 x 10
9
(3 x 10
-9
)(5 x 10
-9
)/(0.04)
2
= 8.4375 x 10
-5
N
8.4375 x 10
-5
N = F
31
= 9 x 10
9
(5 x 10
-9
) q
1
/(0.02)
2
q
1
= +0.750 nC

INDIVIDUAL SEATWORK


1. Three point charges are arranged
along the x-axis. Charge q
1
= +3.00
uC is at the origin, and charge q
2
=
-5.00 uC is at x = 0.200 m. Charge
q
3
= -8.00 uC. Where is q
3
located
if the net force on q
1
is 7.00 N in
the x-direction? Show the free-
body diagram for q
1
.


PROBLEM 1 (SOLUTIONS)

Soln: q
3
= -8.00 uC q
1
= +3.00 uC q
2
= -5.00 uC
r 0.200 m
0 m Assume q
3
is at a distance r
to the left of q
1


vector diagram of forces acting on q
1
:
q
1

F
13
F
12
= attractive force by q
2


F
13
= attractive force by q
3

F
net
= F
12
+ F
13
= 7.00 N to the x axis
-7.00 = 9 x 10
9
(3 x 10
-6
)(5 x 10
-6
)/(0.2)
2

- (9 x 10
9
)(8 x 10
-6
)(3 x 10
-6
)/r
2

-7.00 = 3.375 0.216 /r
2
-10.375 r
2
= -0.216
r = 0.144 m but we take only the negative value as
assumed. Hence, r = -0.144 m
2. An average human weighs about 650 N. If two such
generic humans each carried 1.0 coulomb of excess
charge, one positive and one negative, how far apart would
they have to be for the electric attraction between them
to equal their 650-N weight?
Soln:
F
e
= 650 N = 9 x 10
9
(1 C)
2
/r
2
r
2
= 9 x 10
9
(1)/650
r = 3,721 m

18.5 COULOMBS LAW
18.6 THE ELECTRIC FIELD
The positive charge experiences a force which is the vector sum of the
forces exerted by the charges on the rod and the two spheres.

This test charge should have a small magnitude so it doesnt affect
the other charge.
18.6 THE ELECTRIC FIELD
Example 6 A Test Charge

The positive test charge has a magnitude of
3.0x10
-8
C and experiences a force of 6.0x10
-8
N.

(a) Find the force per coulomb that the test charge
experiences.

(b) Predict the force that a charge of +12x10
-8
C
would experience if it replaced the test charge.

C N 0 . 2
C 10 0 . 3
N 10 0 . 6
8
8
=

o
q
F
(a)
(b) ( )( ) N 10 24 C 10 0 . 12 C N 0 . 2
8 8
= = F
ELECTRIC CHARGE
Glass rods, plastic tubes, silk, and fur can be used to demonstrate
the movement of electrons and how their presence or absence
make for powerful forces of attraction and repulsion.
MOVEMENT OF CHARGESCHARGING BY CONDUCTION
Materials that allow
easy passage of
charge are called
conductors. Materials
that resist electronic
flow are called
insulators. The motion
of electrons through
conducts and about
insulators allows us to
observe opposite
charges attract and
like charges repel.
ELECTRONS MOVE FREELY AND CHARGES MAY BE INDUCED
Take a childs toy, a rubber balloon. If you rub the balloon vigorously
on a fuzzy sweater then bring the balloon slowly toward a painted
concrete or plaster wall, the balloon will stick to the wall and remain
for some time. The electrostatic force between static electrons and the
induced positive charge in the wall attract more strongly than the
weight of the balloon.
STATIC ELECTRICITY ABOUT AN INSULATOR CAN SHIFT
The motion of static charges about a plastic comb and light bits
of paper can cause attractive forces strong enough to overcome
the weight of the paper.
EXAMPLES OF ELECTRICAL FORCE CALCULATED
Example 1: An particle (alpha) is the nucleus of a helium
atom. It has mass m = 6.64 x 10
-27
kg and charge q = +2e =
3.2 x 10
-19
C. Compare the force of the electric repulsion
between two particles with the force of gravitational
attraction between them.
Soln: F
e
= 9 x 10
9
(3.2 x 10
-19
)
2
/r
2

F
g
= 6.67 x 10
-11
(6.64 x 10
-27
)
2
/r
2
F
e
/F
g
= 9.2 x 10
-28
/2.94 x 10
-63
= 3.1 x 10
35


Example 2: Two point charges are located on the positive x-
axis of a coordinate system. Charge q
1
= 1.0 nC is 2.0 cm
from the origin, and charge q
2
= -3.0 nC is 4.0 cm from the
origin. What is the total force exerted by these two charges
on a charge q
3
= 5.0 nC located at the origin? Gravitational
forces are negligible.
Soln: F
31
= 9.0 x 10
9
(1.0 x 10
-9
)(5.0 x 10
-9
)/(2.0 x 10
-2
)
2
= 1.12 x 10
-4
N to the left
F
32
= 9.0 x 10
9
(3.0 x 10
-9
)(5.0 x 10
-9
)/(4.0 x 10
-2
)
2

= 8.4 x 10
-5
N to the right
= F
31
+ F
32
= 28 N, to the left
Example 1: Two equal positive point charges
q
1
= q
2
= 2.0 C are located at x = 0, y =
0.30 m and x = 0, y = -0.30 m, respectively.
What are the magnitude and direction of
the total electric force that these charges
exert on a third point charge Q = 4.0 C at
x = 0.40 m, y = 0 ?


THREE-POINT CHARGES ON A PLANE
THREE-POINT CHARGES IN A PLANE
Soln:
F
1
= 9 x 10
9
(4.0 x 10
-6
)(2.0 x 10
-6
)/(0.50)
2
= 0.29 N
F
1x
= F
1
cos = (0.29)(0.40/0.50) = 0.23 N
F
1y
= -F
1
sin = -(0.29)(0.30/0.50) = -0.17 N

The lower charge q
2
exerts a force with the same magnitude
but at an angle above the x-axis. From symmetry, we see that
its x-component is the same as that due to the upper charge,
but its y-component has the opposite sign. So the components
of the total force F
net
on Q are:
F
x
= 0.23 N + 0.23 N = 0.46 N
F
y
= -0.17 N + 0.17 N = 0
The total force on Q is in the + x-direction , with magnitude
0.46 N.













q
2
= -6uC


r
12
= 0.15 m

73
o
-5uC =
+4 uC = q
1
r
13
=

0.10 m q
3




Example 2: The figure above
shows three point charges
that lie in the x,y plane in a
vacuum. Find the magnitude
and direction of the net
electrostatic force on q
1
.



THREE-POINT CHARGES ON A PLANE
F
12

F


q
1
F
13
F
12


F
12
sin 73
o
73
o
F
12
cos 73
o
SOLUTION
The magnitudes of the forces are:
/q
1
/q
2
/ (9 x 10
9
)(4 x 10
-6
)(6 x 10
-6
)
F
12
= k -------- = ------------------------------------ = 9.6 N
r
12
2
(0.15)
2
/q
1
/q
3
/ (9 x 10
9
)(4 x 10
-6
)(5 x 10
-6
)
F
13
= k -------- = ------------------------------------ = 18 N
r
12
2
(0.10)
2

Force x-component y-component
F
12
+9.6 (cos 73
o
) = +2.8 N +9.6 N (sin 73
o
) = +9.2 N
F
13
+18 N 0 N
F F
x
= +21 N F
y
= +9.2 N
The magnitude F and angle of the net force are:
F = F
x

2
+ F
y

2
= (21 N)
2
+ (9.2 N)
2
= 23 N
= tan
-1
(9.2 N/21 N) = 24
o
F
32x
= cos 60
o
(16.2 N) = -8.1 N
F
32y
= sin 60
o
(16.2 N) = +14 N


F
y
= -9.4 N + 14 N = +4.6 N
F
x
= -5.4 N 8.1 N = -13.5 N
F
net1
= (13.5)
2
+ (4.6)
2
= 14.3 N, 19
o
above the -x-axis