1

Matter
Matter: Anything that occupies space and has mass.
2
Physical Properties
Physical Properties: They can be measured and observed without
changing the composition or identity of a substance.

Examples
Odor, Color, Volume, Matter, Density, Melting Point, Boiling
Point

3
A Further Breakdown: Extensive
vs. Intensive Physical Properties
Extensive Properties: depend on amt of substance (mass,
volume)
Intensive Properties: do NOT depend on amt of substance
(melting point, boiling point)
4
Chemical Properties
Properties in which there is a change in composition
Reactivity, flammability, etc.
Subdivided into physical and chemical changes
5
Physical
Changes
Physical Change: change in physical properties

Examples
Ice melting, water boiling

6
Chemical
Changes
Chemical Changes: Forming new substance(s)

Examples
Rusting of nails, digestion of food in our stomach, the growth of
grass
7
Practice
Classify the following as a physical or chemical change or
physical or chemical property:

(a) Gallium metal melts in your hand (and in your mouth).

(b) A Page is White.

(c) Copper sheet acquires a green color over the years.

(d) Milk turns sour.

(e) Wax is melted over a flame.

(f) Propane gas is flammable.

(g) Bromine liquid is reddish-brown in color.



8
Pure Substances:
Elements and Compounds
Element: A substance that cannot be separated into simpler
substances by chemical means.

Example
Gold and?

Compound: A substance composed of atoms of 2 or more
elements chemically united in fixed proportions.

Example
Sodium Chloride and?
9
Mixtures
Mixture: A combination of 2 or more substances in which the
substances retain their identity though no longer seen.

Examples
Air, Soft Drinks, Wine, Coffee, Water pumped from the Earth.
Can you think of anymore?

They can be separated into pure substances:
Elements and/or Compounds.
They can converted into two or more pure substances.
10
Mixtures
Homogeneous Mixture: The composition of the mixture, after
sufficient stirring, is the same throughout the solution. A
homogeneous mixture is called a solution. It has one layer.
Ex: Salt dissolved in water.

Heterogeneous Mixture: The individual components of a
mixture remain physically separated and can be seen as
separate components. It has more than one layer.
Ex: A glass full of oil and water or sand in a bucket of water.

11
Practice
Classify the following as a pure substance, a homogeneous
mixture (solution) or a heterogeneous mixture:

(a) Soda

(b) Kool-Aid

(c) Oil and Vinegar

(d) Common Table Salt (Sodium Chloride)

(e) A vein of gold embedded in quartz
12
Separation of Mixtures
Distillation: is the process of vaporizing a liquid in a boiling pot
and then condensing (gas liquid) it again where it will
collect in another vessel.
Used to separate water from dissolved materials (solid or
liquid)
Used to make moon-shine; i.e., separate ethanol from
impurities
13
Simple Distillation

14
Separation of Mixtures
Filtration: the process of causing a liquid-solid heterogeneous
mixture to encounter a porous barrier so that the liquid passes
through. The solid is left behind.
The liquid that passes through is called the filtrate.
The remaining solid is the residue, or filter cake.

There are two purposes for filtrations:
(1) to remove solid impurities from a liquid.
(2) to separate solid products from a liquid.
15
Scientific Notation
Handling Numbers Associated with Measurements

Scientific Notation: Expresses a number as a product of a number
between 1 and 10 and the appropriate power of 10.

These numbers are very large and very small. They are
cumbersome
Example: 702,400,000,000,000,000,000
0.00000000000000000000768
16
Using Scientific Notation
1. Any number can be represented as the product of a number
between 1 and 10 and a power of 10 (either positive or
negative).
2. The decimal point should be placed with a one non-zero
number to its left.
3. The power of 10 depends on the number of places the
decimal point is moved and in which direction.
4. If the decimal point is moved to the left, the power of 10 is
positive. If the decimal point is moved to the right, the
power of 10 is negative.
17
Examples
Express 685,000 in scientific notation:
The decimal point must be moved five places to the left
Thus, the decimal point has one non-zero number to its left
6.85 x 10
5


Express 0.00000663 in scientific notation:
The decimal point must be moved six places to the right
Thus, the decimal point has one non-zero number to its left
6.63 x 10
-6

Try these:
809,000,000,000
0.0000000006


18
Fundamental SI Units
Units: The units part of a measurement tells us what quantity is
being used to represent the results of the measurement.
SI = Systeme Internationale (French)
Physical Quantity Name of Unit Abbreviation
mass kilogram kg
length meter m
time second s
temperature kelvin K
amount of substance mole mol
19
Measurements of
Length, Volume, and Mass
Length: Measurement of how long a thing is from end to end.
The SI base unit of length is the meter (m).

Volume: Amount of 3-D space occupied by a substance.
Its SI derived unit is m
3
.
Another common unit of volume is the liter (l).

Mass: Quantity of matter present in an object.
The SI base unit of mass is the kilogram (kg).

Prefixes can be used for all units:
i.e., milligram, milliliter, millimeter
20
Prefixes used with SI Units
Prefix Symbol Meaning
Tera T 1 x 10
12

Giga G 10
9

Mega M 10
6
Kilo k 10
3
Deca D 10
1
deci d 10
-1
centi c 10
-2
milli m 10
-3
micro m 10
-6
nano n 10
-9
pico p 10
-12
21
The Use of Prefixes
1 dL = 1 x 10
-1
L = 0.1 L
1 mg = 1 x 10
-3
g = 0.001 g
1 km = 1 x 10
3
m = 1000 m
22
Uncertainty in Measurement
Measurements

3.00 cm 3.01 cm 3.02 cm

Notice that the first two digits are the same.
These are called the certain numbers.
The third digit is estimated and can vary.
It is called an uncertain number.
Give the certain and uncertain numbers in the following
measurements:
2.509 kg 1.0596 L
23
Precision & Accuracy
Precision: How well measurements agree with
one another
Accuracy: agreement of measurement with
accepted (book) value
24
Practice
A 5-page package of high quality printing
paper had its length measured in inches. The
measurements obtained were:
11.003, 11.003, 11.004, 11.003, 11.003
The cover says its length is 11.003 inches.
Do you have good or bad precision?
What about your accuracy: good or bad?
25
More Practice
Five blank writable CDs had the same piece
of music burned on to them. The original CD
said that the track was two minutes and thirty-
three seconds (233) long.
However, the length of the track on the burned
CDs was the following:
215, 215, 215, 215, 215
Do you have good or bad precision?
What about your accuracy: good or bad?

26
Significant Figures
Significant Figures: Numbers recorded in a
measurement.
(All the certain numbers+the first uncertain
number)

The more significant figures (sig figs) in a
measurement the greater the precision.
32.0 is less precise than 32.000000
27
Guidelines for Using
Significant Figures
Nonzero Integers:
Any digit that is not zero is significant.

Example
894 has _________ significant figures.
2.341 has _________ significant figures.
28
Guidelines for Using
Significant Figures
Leading Zeros:
Zeros to the left of the first nonzero digit are not
significant.
They are used to indicate the placement of the
decimal point.
Example
0.07 has __________ significant figures.
0.0000048 has __________ significant
figures.

29
Guidelines for Using
Significant Figures
Captive Zeros:
Zeros between nonzero digits are significant.

Example
707 has ___________ significant figures.
50,001 has __________ significant figures.
30
Guidelines for Using
Significant Figures
Trailing Zeros:
If a number is greater than 1, then all the zeros written to
the right of the decimal point count as significant figures.
Example
3.0 has __________ significant figures.
30.071 has __________ significant figures.
4.042 has __________ significant figures.
7.0000 has __________ significant figures.
8,500 has __________ significant figures.
31
Guidelines for Using
Significant Figures
Leading, Captive, and Trailing Zeros:
If a number is less than 1, then only the zeros that
are at the end of the number, and zeros that are
between nonzero digits are significant.
Example
0.070 has ___________ significant figures.
0.4006 has ___________ significant figures.
0.00520 has __________ significant figures.
0.0006700 has __________ significant figures.

32
Guidelines for Using
Significant Figures
Exact Numbers:
They are assumed to have an unlimited number of
significant figures.


33
Guidelines for Using
Significant Figures
Numbers With Trailing Zeroes And No Decimal Point:
For numbers that do not contain decimal points, the measurement is
said to be ambiguous.
Example
700: 1, 2, or 3 sig figs?
Use Scientific Notation: 7x10
2
has one sig fig.
7.0x10
2
has two sig figs.
7.00 x 10
2
has three sig figs.

(How many significant figures are in 701? Do you need a
decimal pt?)


34
Rounding Off Numbers:
Rules for Rounding Off
*We like to reduce our number to fewer digits.*

1. If the digit to be removed is less than 5, then the preceding
digit stays the same. When rounding off, use only the first
number to the right of the last significant figure. Do not
round off sequentially.


Example
8.934 rounds off to _________ if we only want 2 sig. figs.


35
Rounding Off Numbers
Rules for Rounding Off
2. If the digit to be removed is equal to or greater than 5, then the
preceding digit is increased by 1. When rounding off, use
only the first number to the right of the last significant figure.
Do not round off sequentially.

Example
8.627 rounds off to ________ if we only want 3 sig. figs.

0.425 rounds off to ________ if we only want 2 sig. figs.
36
Rules for Using Significant
Figures in Calculations
Addition and Subtraction:
In the answer, the number of sig figs to the right of the decimal point
are determined by the lowest number of sig figs to the right of the
decimal point given by the measurements.
The measurement is said to be limiting. It limits the number of
significant figures in the result.

Example
90.442 + 1.1 = 91.542 Rounded Off to 91.5
3.000 - 0.10 = _________ Rounded Off to __________
1081 - 7.25 = _________
*For Addition and Subtraction, the decimal points are
counted as sig figs.*
37
Rules for Using Significant
Figures in Calculations
Multiplication and Division:
The number of sig figs is determined by the original
number that has the smallest number of sig figs.
The measurement is said to be limiting. It limits the
number of sig figs in the result.
Example
(2.7)x(3.5029) = 9.45783 Rounded Off to 9.5
(7.85)/(124.6) = _____ Rounded Off to ____________
*For Multiplication and Division, the whole
measurements sig figs are counted.*
38
Rules for Using Significant
Figures in Calculations
What about:




Order of operations!
Follow the add/sub sig figs for each operation
Then divide, following division sig fig rules
Thus, 7.85 + 11.1 = 19.0
And 124.6 4 = 121
Therefore, 19.0/121 = 0.157
(7.85 + 11.1)
= ?
(124.6 - 4)
39
Problem Solving and
Dimensional Analysis
How do we convert from one unit of measurement to another?
We do this via conversion factors.

For instance:
1 dollar = 100 pennies
Both represent the Same Amount of Money

Conversion factors allow us to carry out conversions between
different units that mean the same quantity.
They are not taken into sig fig consideration.
Found on A-11 thru A-13.
40
Problem Solving and
Dimensional Analysis
Convert 57.4 m into mm



Convert 6.1 dm into km



Convert 8.1 m
2
to cm
2
3
1000mm
57.4m 57.4 x 10 mm
1m

41
Problem Solving and
Dimensional Analysis
Convert 1.06 in. into cm


Convert 23.80 L into gal


Convert 7.62 g/mL into oz./gal



42
Comparing Temperature Scales

43
Temperature Conversions
Converting Between the Kelvin and Celsius
Scales
T
oC
+ 273.15 = T
K

Converting between the Fahrenheit and
Celsius Scales
T
oF
= 1.80(T
oC
) + 32

44
Temperature Conversions
Convert 172 K to
o
C.



Convert 41.2
o
C to
o
F.



Convert 239.05
o
F to K.
45
Density
Density: Amount of matter present in a given
volume of substance
Density = mass/volume = g/mL

Not to be confused with weight!
46
Example
The volume of a liquid
in a graduated cylinder
is 24.00 ml, and weighs
36.0 grams. What is the
density of this liquid?


m 36.0 g g
D = = 1.50
V 24.00 mL mL

47
Practice
Mercury has a density of 13.6 g/ml. What
volume of mercury must be taken to obtain
100 grams of the metal?