SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

Presented by-

Om Prakash (144104033)
Bibhuti B. Bhardwaj (144104041)
Suvin P.V. (144104050)
Nilanjan Adhikary (144104053)
K Vanlal Remruata (144104055)
Subject: Pavement Materials (CE 582)

75% of land surface on the earth is
covered by thin veneer of sediments or
sedimentary rocks.

These sediments are transported and
deposited by river water, wind or by
movement of glacial ice. Transportation
is either in suspension or in solution.

When settle down on the beds of ocean,
river and lakes undergo
compaction/cementation for millions of
years to form SEDIMENTARY
ROCKS
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS: They are the secondary rocks which are formed from the loose
fragments or detrital or clastic sediments produced by weathering of older rocks.
INTRODUCTION
SEDIMENT

Classified by particle size
Boulder - >256 mm
Cobble - 64 to 256 mm
Pebble - 2 to 64 mm
Sand - 1/16 to 2 mm
Silt - 1/256 to 1/16 mm
Clay - <1/256 mm
Gravel
Sediment - loose, solid particles originating from:
Weathering and erosion of pre-existing rocks
Chemical precipitation from solution, including secretion
by organisms in water
FROM SEDIMENT TO SEDIMENTARY ROCK
1. Weathering 2. Erosion
3. Transportation via
water, glaciers and wind
4. Deposition
5. Burial and
compaction
6. Diagenesis
FROM SEDIMENT TO SEDIMENTARY ROCK
Transportation
Movement of sediment
away from its source,
typically by water, wind,
or ice
Rounding of particles
occurs due to abrasion
during transport
Sorting occurs as sediment
is separated according to
grain size by transport
agents, especially running
water
Sediment size decreases
with increased transport
distance
Deposition
Settling and coming to rest
of transported material
Accumulation of chemical
or organic sediments,
typically in water
Environment of deposition
is the location in which
deposition occurs
Deep sea floor
Beach
Desert dunes
River channel
Lake bottom
FROM SEDIMENT TO SEDIMENTARY ROCK
PRESERVATION
Sediment must be preserved, as by burial with additional sediments, in
order to become a sedimentary rock
LITHIFICATION
General term for processes converting loose sediment into sedimentary rock
Combination of compaction and cementation
FROM SEDIMENT TO SEDIMENTARY ROCK
Sandstones
Conglomerates
Breccia
Shale/mudstones
TYPES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Clastic rocks Chemical & Organic rocks
Evaporitic rocks
These rocks are formed
due to evaporation of saline
water (sea water)
eg. Gypsum, Halit
(rock salt)
Carbonate rocks
Form basically from
CaCO
3
both by
chemical leaching and
by organic source
(biochemical) eg.
Limestone; dolomite
Organic rocks
Form due to
decomposition of
organic remains
under temperature
and pressure eg.
Coal/Lignite etc.
Most common sedimentary rock
type
Form from cemented sediment
grains that come from pre-
existing rocks
CLASTIC ROCKS
Clastic rocks are classified on the basis of the grain size:
Name of Rock Sediment Type Texture
Conglomerate Gravel - rounded fragments Course
Over 2 mm
Breccia Gravel - angular fragments Course
Over 2 mm
Sandstone

Sand Medium
1/16 to 2mm
Siltstone Mud Fine
1/256 to 1/16 mm
Shale Mud Very fine
Less than 1/256 mm
Conglomerate
Breccia
Sandstone
Siltstone
Shale
Name of Rock Composition Texture
Crystalline Limestone Calcite - CaCo3 Coarse to fine Crystalline
Fossiliferous Limestone Calcite - CaCo
3
Visible fragments of shells
Chalk Calcite - CaCo
3
Microscopic shells and clay
Chert Quartz - SiO
2
Very fine crystalline
Gypsum Gypsum - CaSO
4
-2H
2
O Fine to course crystalline
Rock Salt Halite - NaCl Fine to course crystalline
CHEMICAL SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Have crystalline textures
Form by precipitation of
minerals from solution
Crystalline Limestone
Fossiliferous Limestone
Chalk
Chert
Rock Salt
Coal
Sedimentary rock forming
from compaction
of partially decayed plant
material
Organic material deposited
in water with low oxygen
content (i.e., stagnant)

ORGANIC SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
They're generally arranged in
layers of sandy or clayey material
(strata) like those are seen in
excavations or in a hole dug in a
sand dune.

They're usually the color of
sediment, that is, light brown to
light gray.

They may preserve signs of life
and surface activity, like fossils,
tracks, ripple marks and so on.
IDENTIFICATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
IDENTIFICATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS