Ways of Expressing Concentration

Ways of Expressing Concentration

MOLARITY (M)
mol of solute (n)
L of solution
M =
Because volume is temperature dependent, molarity
can change with temperature.
Ways of Expressing Concentration
MOLARITY (M)
Example:
Calculate the molarity of each of the following
solutions:
a. 29.0 g of ethanol (C
2
H
5
OH) in 545 mL of solution,
b. 15.4 g of sucrose (C
12
H
22
O
11
) in 74.0 mL of
solution,
c. 9.00 g of sodium chloride (NaCl) in 86.4 mL of
solution.
Ways of Expressing Concentration
MOLARITY (M)
Example:
Determine how many grams of each of the
following solutes would be needed to make 2.50
102 mL of a 0.100 M solution:
a. sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
b. sodium carbonate (Na2CO3),
c. potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7)
d. potassium permanganate (KMnO4).
Ways of Expressing Concentration
MOLARITY (M)
Example:
Calculate the volume in mL of a solution required
to provide the following:
a. 2.14 g of sodium chloride from a 0.270 M
solution
b. 4.30 g of ethanol from a 1.50 M solution
c. 0.85 g of acetic acid (CH
3
COOH) from a 0.30
M solution.
MOLALITY (m)
mol of solute (n)
kg of solvent
M =
Ways of Expressing Concentration
Example:
MOLALITY (m)
1) What is the molality of a solution that contains 128 g of
CH
3
OH in 108 g of water?
3) How many grams of H
2
O must be used to dissolve 50.0
grams of sucrose to prepare a 1.25 m solution of sucrose,
C
12
H
22
O
11
?
2) Calculate the molality of a solution that contains 71.5 g
of benzoic acid, C
6
H
5
COOH, in 325 mL of ethanol,
C
2
H
5
OH. The density of ethanol is 0.789 g/mL.
NORMALITY (N)
Number of equivalent weights
L of solution
N =
Ways of Expressing Concentration
Example:
Normality
1) Calculate the (a) molarity and (b) Normality of a
solution prepared by dissolving 0.240 g of solid Ce(NO
3
)
4

solute in enough water to make 250.0 mL of salt solution.
2) Calculate the mass of KMnO
4
which must be used to
prepare 200 mL of a solution whose concentration is:
a) 0.20N as a salt
b) 0.20N as an oxidizing agent in acidic medium
c) 0.20N as an oxidizing agent in neutral of basic
medium
Mole fraction and Mole percent
Mole fraction and Mole percent
Example:
1) What are the mole fractions of ethanol, C
2
H
5
OH, and
water in a solution prepared by mixing 70.0 g of ethanol with
30.0 g of water?
2) What are the mole fractions of ethanol, C
2
H
5
OH, and
water in a solution prepared by mixing 70.0 mL of ethanol
with 30.0 mL of water at 25C? The density of ethanol
is 0.789 g/mL, and that of water is 1.00 g/mL.
Ways of Expressing Concentration
Percentage Strength

% (w/w) =



% (w/v) =


% (v/v) =



mass of solute (g)

mass of solution (g)


X 100


mass of solute (g)

volume of solution (mL)


X 100

volume of solute (mL)

volume of solution (mL)


X 100

Ways of Expressing Concentration
Example:
3.5 g of CoCl
2
is dissolved in 100mL solution.
Assuming the density of the solution is 1.0 g/mL, what
is concentration of the solution in % mass?
1) Calculate the percent by mass of the solute in each
of the following aqueous solutions: (a) 5.50 g of NaBr in
78.2 g of solution, (b) 31.0 g of KCl in 152 g of water, (c)
4.5 g of toluene in 29 g of benzene.
Percentage Strength
2) Calculate the amount of water (in grams) that must
be added to (a) 5.00 g of urea (NH
2
)
2
CO in the
preparation of a 16.2 percent by mass solution, and
(b) 26.2 g of MgCl
2
in the preparation of a 1.5 percent
by mass solution.
Other Concentration Terms

ppm =





mass of solute (g)

mass of solution (g)


X 10
6


ppb =





mass of solute (g)

mass of solution (g)


X 10
9

p[solute] = -log [solute]


Proof strength = %(v/v) x 2


Relationships between
concentration units
1) Sodium fluoride has a solubility of 4.22 g in 100.0 g of
water at 18C. Express the solute concentration in
terms of (a) mass percent, (b) mole fraction, and (c)
molality.
2) The density of an aqueous solution containing 12.50 g
K
2
SO
4
in 100.00 g solution is 1.083 g/mL. Calculate the
concentration of this solution in terms of molarity, molality,
percent of K
2
SO
4
, and mole fraction of solvent.
Relationships between
concentration units
An engine cooling water sample was found to
contain 4.5% carbonate ion by mass. If the
density of the sample is 1.10 g/mL, calculate for
CO
3

2-
: (a) molarity, (b) normality, (c) molality,
(d) mole %, (e) ppm