Chapter 2

Lecture 02:
Work and Energy
Todays Objectives:
Be able to distinguish between work and energy.
Be able to calculate Kinetic Energy
Be able to calculate Potential Energy
Be able to calculate Work done by an acting force
Be able to calculate Power
Be able to calculate Work done by gases undergoing changes
of state.
Be able to explain the concept of Internal Enegy

Reading Assignment:
Homework Assignment:
Read Chap 2. Sections 1-5

From Chap 2: Problems 6, 20, 24, 32
Work, Heat, and Energy
Energy is conserved, but can be converted to different types


Ways to Transfer Energy Into or Out of A System

Work transfers by applying a force and causing a
displacement of the point of application of the force.

Mechanical Waves allow a disturbance to propagate
through a medium.

Heat is driven by a temperature difference between two
regions in space.

Matter Transfer matter physically crosses the boundary
of the system, carrying energy with it.

Electrical Transmission transfer is by electric current.

Electromagnetic Radiation energy is transferred by
electromagnetic waves


W = APE = AKE = AU


3 Sec 2.1: Reviewing Mechanical Concepts of Energy
Thermodynamics Work
Work is done by a system on
its surroundings if the sole
effect on everything external
to the system could have
been done by raising (or
dropping) a weight.


Physics definition of work is W = F s
But, in thermodynamics often we are working with
fluids (non-solids), so we need a broader definition.


4 Sec 2.2: Broadening Our Understanding of Work
Joules Experiment (1845-Salford, England)
Joule dropped a known mass and measured the change in
temperature of the water.

The experiment was conducted in the basement of his familys
brewery, where there was a constant ambient temperature.

The friction of the water molecules rubbing together caused the
temperature to increase.

5 Sec 2.2: Broadening Our Understanding of Work
Joules Equipment - Manchester


Work Sign Convention
W > 0 : Work done BY the system
W < 0 : Work done ON the system

6 Sec 2.2.1: Sign Convention
Sign is not inherently important, but this is the convention.

W < 0 : Work done ON the system
(System is compressed)

W > 0 : Work done BY the system
(System expands)

}
=
f
i
V
V
PdV W
Power = Rate of Energy Transfer
Books convention: Dot above symbol represents the rate.
7 Sec 2.2 .2: Power
The rate of work can be expressed as


Work Properties
Work is NOT a property of a system like V, T, or E.
Work occurs when the system undergoes a process.

8 Sec 2.2 : Work
A differential of a property is exact.


V


f
i
V
f i
V
V dV V V A = =
}
The differential of work depends upon the path.


f
i
V
V
W pdV =
}
But, work depends on the process.

9 Sec 2.2 : Work
For Bobby work
depends on the path,
since friction is a non-
conservative force.


So, we need to have a PV relationship for
the process.

10 Sec 2.2 : Work
The process of changing volume is NOT
necessarily in equilibrium.
- He balloon popping, gas does not
instantly mix with air
- Gas cylinder rupture, pressure inside is
higher then outside for some time, t


For this class, we will used an idealized process, that are
completely reversible. We call this type of process
- quasi-equilbirium
- quasi-static


11 Sec 2.2 : Work
Consider a box initially divided in half.
- Initially, one is filled with gas, the other a vacuum.
- The divider is then removed.
- The gas takes some time to fill the new volume.
During that time, there are different local values for P
in the volume. There is also likely some heat
generated, as the process is irreversible.


Non-quasi-static Process
V

V

V

Thermodynamics Kinetics

12 Sec 2.2 : Work
Now we move the wall slowly, such that the gas is able to
adjust instantly. This is a reversible quasi-static process.

Quasi-static
V

V

V

V

V

V

V

V

Example (2.34): Air contained within a piston-cylinder assembly
undergoes three processes in series. Evaluate W.
Process 1-2: Compression at constant
pressure from p
1
=10 psi, V
1
=4.0 ft
3
to state 2
Process 2-3: Constant volume heating to state 3, where p
3
=50 psi
Process 3-1: Expansion to the initial state, during which the p-V
relationship is pV = constant.
( ) psi P
13
V

( )
3
ft V
4
10
50
14
Energy
Physics energy types
Kinetic Energy: Energy of objects in motion
Potential Energy: Energy of objects in a field (g,E,B)
Internal Energy
Spring
Chemical
Pressure



15 Sec 2.3: Broadening Our Understanding of Energy
Pressure can be a form of energy if P> P
atm


P
atm
P

Thus, the general energy
equation is




E PE KE U A = A + A + A
Example Problem (2.37) A 10 V battery supplies a constant current of
0.5 amp to a resistance for 30 min.
a) Determine the resistance, in ohms.
b) For the battery, determine the amount
of energy transfer to work, in kJ.


16
Solution:

Example Problem (2.31)
Air contained within a piston-cylinder assembly is slowly heated. As
shown in Fig P2.31, during the process the pressure first varies linearly
with volume and then remains constant. Determine the total work in
kJ.


17
150
100
P (kPa)
V (m
3
)
0.070 0.045 0.030
50
1
2
3
Solution:
End of Lecture 02
Slides that follow show solutions to Example
problems.
18
Example (2.34): Air contained within a piston-cylinder assembly
undergoes three processes in series. Evaluate W.
Process 1-2: Compression at constant pressure from P1=10 psi, V1=4.0 ft
3
to state 2
19
( ) psi P
( )
3
ft V
4
10
50
1
2
3
( )
( )
2
1
12 2 1
1 1 3 3 2 3
1
2 3 1
3
3 3
2
P
since:
:
10
4 0.8
50
V
V
W PdV V V
PV PV and V V
P
then V V V
P
psi
V ft ft
psi
= =
= =
= =
| |
= =
|
\ .
}
Process 1-2: Isobaric Process

( )( )
( )
( )
BTU ft psi W
f
lb ft
BTU
in
ft
92 . 5 4 8 . 0 10
778
144 3
12
2
2
= =

Example (2.34): Air contained within a piston-cylinder assembly
undergoes three processes in series. Evaluate W.
Process 2-3: Constant volume heating to state 3, where P3=50 psi
Process 3-1: Expansion to the initial state, during which the P-V
relationship is PV = constant.
20
( ) psi P
( )
3
ft V
4
10
50
1 2
3
Process 2-3: Isovolumetric Process

0 0
23 23
= = A W V
Example (2.34): Air contained within a piston-cylinder assembly
undergoes three processes in series. Evaluate W.
Process 2-3: Constant volume heating to state 3, where P3=50 psi
Process 3-1: Expansion to the initial state, during which the P-V
relationship is PV = constant.
21
( ) psi P
( )
3
ft V
4
10
50
1 2
3
Process 3-1: Isothermic Process

( )
3
1
1
3
1
3
ln C
31 V
V
V
V
V
V
dV
V
C
PdV W = = =
} }
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
3
3 2
144
4 3
31
778
0.8
10 4 ln
11.9
f
f t
ft
BTU
ft lb
ft in
W psi ft
BTU

=
=
( )
3
1
ln
1 1 31 V
V
V P W =
Example Problem (2.37) A 10 V battery supplies a constant current of
0.5 amp to a resistance for 30 min.
a) Determine the resistance, in ohms.
b) For the battery., determine the amount
of energy transfer to work, in kJ.


22
Solution: Electrical Work Principle

elec
P VI =
elec elec
W P t = A
therefore: V = 10 V I = 0.5 A t=30 min

(10 )(0.5 ) 5
elec
P VI V A W = = =
60 1 / 1
(5 )(30min)
1min 1 1000
elec
s J s kJ
W W
W J
=
then

0.15
elec
W kJ =
Example Problem (2.31)
Air contained within a piston-cylinder assembly is slowly heated. As shown in
the figure, during the process the pressure first varies linearly with volume
and then remains constant. Determine the total work in kJ.


23
150
100
P (kPa)
V (m
3
)
0.070 0.045 0.030
50
1
2
3
Solution:
B
A
V
A B
V
W p dV

=
}
Conceptually, this represents
the area of the P-V plot
underneath the process lines.
2
1
1 2 _
V
PV trapezoid
V
W p dV A

= =
}
3
2
2 3 _ rectangle
V
PV
V
W p dV A

= =
}
3
1
(100 150)(0.045 0.030)
2
kPa m = +
3
(150)(0.070 0.045) kPa m =
2
3
1 / 1
1.875 1.875
1 1
kN m kJ
kPa m kJ
kPa kN m
= =

2
3
1 / 1
3.75 3.75
1 1
kN m kJ
kPa m kJ
kPa kN m
= =

1 3 1 2 2 3
1.875 3.75 5.625
total
W W W W kJ

= = + = + =