D. S.

Udo, MSc, BSc, RN

Health
Health is defined as a state
of complete physical, mental
and social well-being of an
individual and not merely the
absence of disease or
infirmity (WHO, 1948)

Health
Interplay of a group of factors
contribute to the healthy
functioning of the individual.
When these factors equilibrate,
we have optimum health.
Alteration in the factors
results in a disequilibrium.
The Human Life cycle
The stages of growth and
development throughout
a persons life (from birth to
death). The period includes.
Neonate
Infancy


The Human Life cycle
Childhood
Puberty
Adolescence
Adulthood
Old age
The Human Life cycle
It pre-supposes that each
succeeding phase in human
development builds upon the
preceding phase.

The Human Life cycle
For instance, forming a
successful adult relationship
outside of the family of origin
is predicated on the good
relationship with siblings,
parents and relatives at home.

The Human Life cycle
Lack of the required
preparation in a particular
stage leads to poor coping in
the stages that follow.
It also implies that lack of
planning for old-age may
result in:
The Human Life cycle
Degenerative diseases
Complications
Permanent incapacity
Death


Gender
The socially assigned roles,
behaviour, activities and
attributes by a society for men
and women (WHO, 2010)

Gender
These roles and behaviours
breed socio-economic
inequalities
Ultimately results in health
inequities

Ethics
It is a moral philosophy which
deals with systematizing,
defending, and recommending
concepts of right and wrong
behavior.
It looks at consequences of
actions

Ethics
The Golden Rule
Do not lie, harass, victimize,
assault, or kill others
Egoism and Altruism
Utilitarianism
Virtue e.g. do not kill

Ethics
Emotion and Reason
a. Avoid doing wrong to others
b. Treat people as equals
c. Promote the good of others
Respect for rights of persons
e.g. right to life, health, liberty
Ethical Principles
Justice
Beneficence
Non-malefecence
Personal benefit
Social benefit (Eliopoulos, 2010)
Ethical Principles
Honesty
Lawfulness
Autonomy
Contemporary ethical issues
HIV/AIDS, Suicide, Eutanasia


PAHO/WHO Action Plan on Ageing
Historical framework
The first international instrument
on ageing was the Vienna
International Plan of Action on
Ageing (1982)
International Plan of Action on
Ageing(Madrid, 8-12 April 2002).


Eliopoulos, C. (2010). Gerontological
nursing. Philadelphia, Lippincott Williams &
Wilkins
International Plan of Action on Ageing. World
Health Assembly (WHA, 2002)