CHAPTER 6.

Buses & Interfacing

EC303 COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE & ORGANIZATION
Learning Outcomes

After learning of this chapter, student should be
able:-
To know interconnecting system component
To understand input and output addressing
technique
To understand input and output interfacing

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Interconnecting System Components
Data Flow Components in Bus System
The system bus is a cable which carries data
communication between the major components
of the computer, including the microprocessor.
The system bus consists of three different
groups of wiring, called :-
the data bus,
The control bus
address bus.
These all have separate responsibilities and
characteristics.

4 OBE TECHNIQUE: KWL STRATEGIES
Interconnection Between Component in
Computer
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The Data Bus
The control bus carries the signals relating to
the control and co-ordination of the various
activities across the computer, which can be
sent from the control unit within the CPU.
Different architectures result in differing number
of lines of wire within the control bus, as each
line is used to perform a specific task.
For instance, different, specific lines are used for
each of read, write and reset requests.
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The Control Bus
This is used for the exchange of data between
the processor, memory and peripherals, and is
bi-directional so that it allows data flow in both
directions along the wires.
The number of wires used in the data bus
(sometimes known as the 'width') can differ.
Each wire is used for the transfer of signals
corresponding to a single bit of binary data.
As such, a greater width allows greater amounts
of data to be transferred at the same time.

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The Address Bus
The address bus contains the connections between the
microprocessor and memory that carry the signals
relating to the addresses which the CPU is processing at
that time, such as the locations that the CPU is reading
from or writing to.
The width of the address bus corresponds to the
maximum addressing capacity of the bus, or the largest
address within memory that the bus can work with.
The addresses are transferred in binary format, with
each line of the address bus carrying a single binary
digit.
Therefore the maximum address capacity is equal to two
to the power of the number of lines present (2^lines).
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Introduction to DMA

We have seen that to move data from :
Input device to memory
Memory to output device
Memory location to memory location
Requires that the source data be moved to the
processor and then the processor data be
moved to the destination
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An obvious way to improve the data transfer
rate is to remove the processor from the data
transfer path. This is called DMA.
Direct memory access (DMA) is also a feature of
most computers that allows certain hardware
sub modules to access system the memory for
reading and writing

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Advantages using Direct Memory Access (DMA)
Computer system performance is improved by
direct transfer of data between memory and I/O
devices, bypassing the CPU.
CPU is free to perform operations that do not
use system buses.

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Input & Output Addressing Technique
Techique to addressing IO
There are two complementary methods of
performing input/output between CPU and
peripheral devices in a computer :-
Memory-mapped I/O
Isolated I/O (also called port I/O or port-
mapped I/O )
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Memory mapping IO
Single address space for both memory and I/O
devices
disadvantage uses up valuable memory address space
I/O module registers treated as memory
addresses
Same machine instructions used to access both
memory and I/O devices
advantage allows for more efficient programming
Single read line and single write lines needed
Commonly used
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Isolated IO
Separate address space for both
memory and I/O devices
Separate memory and I/O select lines
needed
Small number of I/O instructions
Commonly used
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Input & Output Interfacing
USB
Definition:
A USB port is a standard cable connection interface
on personal computers and consumer electronics.
USB ports allow stand-alone electronic devices to be
connected via cables to a computer (or to each
other).
USB stands for Universal Serial Bus, an industry
standard for short-distance digital data
communications.
USB allows data to be transferred between devices.
USB ports can also supply electric power across the
cable to devices without their own power source

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