Tourism

is the short-term circular

migration of people to places
outside their normal place of
work or residence for the
purpose of leisure or for work.
Travel and Tourism (T&T)
- the worlds largest industry
Share of world:
% of Total
(2000)
GDP 11.0
Employment 8.0
Exports 7.9
Capital Investment 9.4
A powerful engine for generating jobs and wealth
but tourism wealth is not evenly
distributed
Travel and Tourism (T&T)
- the worlds largest industry
Share of world:
% of Total
(2000)
GDP 11.0
Employment 8.0
Exports 7.9
Capital Investment 9.4
A powerful engine for generating jobs and wealth
International Tourist Arrivals 2000
27.6
129.0
111.9
403.3
6.4
20.6
Africa Americas EAP Europe Middle
East
South Asia
Millions
Share of World Total International Tourist
Arrivals 2000
Slice 7
0%
Americas
18%
EAP
16%
Europe
58%
Middle East
3%
Africa
4%
South Asia
1%
Source: World Tourism Organization (WTO)

Average Receipts Per Arrival 2000
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
World Africa Americas EAP Europe Middle East South Asia
Source: World Tourism Organization (WTO)
U
S

$

Share of World Total International Tourist
Receipts 2000
Slice 7
0%
Americas
29%
EAP
17%
Europe
49%
Middle East
2%
Africa
2%
South Asia
1%
Source: World Tourism Organization (WTO)

International Tourist Arrivals
1999 1607 8.2% 2482
2000 1787 11.2% 2641
Year
New
Zealand
Growth
Rate
India
Growth
Rate
5.2%
6.4%
International Tourist Receipts
1999 2083 20.7% 3009
2000 2068 -0.7% 3296
Year
New
Zealand
Growth
Rate
India
Growth
Rate
2.1%
9.6%
US$ MLN
The period of mass tourism
(1950 to the present)

MEDCs LEDCs


World Travel & Tourism
- The Future
MEDCs
The top destinations are France,
Spain, the United States and Italy.

The loss of tourism income to LEDCs
have made MEDCs actively promote
domestic tourism to their residents.
Phenomenal Explosion of Domestic Tourism
Year Domestic
1990 63,817,285
1998 168,196,000
1999 176,082,442
2000 210,082,442
Average Length of Stay in the Country
Country
India
Canada
Brazil
France
Hong Kong/China
Japan
Malaysia
Singapore(1997)
Spain
Thailand
Days
31.2
5.22
13.00
7.31
3.38
8.80
5.50
2.60
12.9
8.4


The World Tourism Organisation
(WTO) estimated there were nearly
900 million international tourist
arrivals in 2007 from 846 million in
2006, an increase of about 6 per cent.





This represents nearly 52 million more
arrivals than in 2006 and they are expected
to reach 1.6 billion by 2020.

The international tourism receipts totalled
US $ 733 billion in 2006.
Most visited countries
The World Tourism Organization reports the following ten countries as the most
visited in 2007 by number of international travelers. When compared to 2006, Ukraine
entered the top ten list, surpassing Russia, Austria and Mexico. Most of the top
visited countries continue to be on the European continent.

International tourism receipts

The World Tourism Organization reports the following 10 countries as
the top ten tourism earners for the year 2007. It is noticeable that most
of them are on the European continent, but the United States continues
to be the top earner.
International tourism top
spenders
The World Tourism Organization reports the following 10 countries as the top ten biggest spenders on
international tourism for the year 2007. For the fifth year in a row, German tourists continue as the top spenders.
A study by Dresdner Bank study[9] forecasts that for 2008 Germans and Europeans in general will continue to be
the top spenders because of the strength of the Euro against the United States dollar, with strong demand for the
US in favor of other destinations.
Most visited attractions

It is noticeable that 4 out of the top 5 are in the North
America continent.

Most visited cities

Travel
Before: luxury for the privileged few.

Now: for the masses
LEDCs with well-developed tourism
industries:
Brazil
China
Egypt
India
Indonesia
Malaysia
Mexico
Morocco
Thailand
Tunisia
The rapid growth since 1950 is due to:
increased mobility
greater affluence

advertising

greater media coverage

mass tourism by TNCs

improvements in facilities and
infrastructure

reduction in cost of travel

There have been a few setbacks in tourism,
such as the September 11 attacks and
terrorist threats to tourist destinations such as
Bali and European cities. On December 26,
2004 a tsunami, caused by the 2004 Indian
Ocean earthquake hit Asian countries
bordering the Indian Ocean, and also the
Maldives. Thousands of lives were lost, and
many tourists died. This has stopped or
severely hampered tourism to the area.
Tourism can be classified according to
the purpose of the travel

and the way in which it is organised
group tours (like packaged tours)

individual travel
Tourism destinations can be classified
in many ways

TOURISM IN LEDCs
Before 1970s: explorers, traders,
colonisers, missionaries, scientists
and administrators.

After 1970s: transport improvements
+ LEDC governments wanted to raise
income from tourism.


+
A smoke-less industry.

A more reliable earner.

An opportunity to raise money to
preserve national culture, wildlife
and unique natural features.

It creates problems if the LEDCs have
diverted their attention away from food
production and farming.
Dependence on MEDCs.
Leakage back to TNC headquarters.
Few benefits to local people.
Wealthy golden ghettos.
Further aggravated if substantial
government investment is made in
golden ghettos.
The size of tourism as a global
industry doubles every 15 years.
There has been an upmarket trend in the tourism over the
last few decades, especially in Europe where international
travel for short breaks is common.


Tourists have higher levels of disposable income and
greater leisure time and they are also better-educated
and have more sophisticated tastes.

There is now a demand for a better quality products,
which has resulted in a fragmenting of the mass market
for beach vacations; people want more specialised
versions, such as Club 18-30, quieter resorts, family-
oriented holidays, or niche market-targeted destination
hotels.
The developments in technology and transport
infrastructure, such as jumbo jets and low-cost
airlines, and more accessible airports have made
many types of tourism more affordable. There have
also been changes in lifestyle, such as retiree-age
people who sustain year round tourism. This is
facilitated by internet sales of tourism products.
Some sites have now started to offer dynamic
packaging, in which an inclusive price is quoted for
a tailor-made package requested by the customer
upon impulse.
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Domestic tourism (people going on
holiday in their own country) is
generally thought to be 4-5 times
greater than international arrivals.