Heating and

Cooling
MS ANNEAR
Unit Description
Heat Transfer: Conduction
Process by which thermal energy is
transferred from one place to another
Most significant in solids, important in liquids
and of lesser importance in gases
Materials that conduct readily are referred to
as good conductors and materials that
conduct heat poorly are referred to as
insulators
How?
Heat Transfer by molecular collisions
Kinetic Molecular Theory of matter (Particles in a solid are constantly
vibrating within the crystal structure and interact with neighbouring
particles)
If one part of a material is heated then the particles in that region
will vibrate more rapidly and transfer energy to neighbouring
particles.
Process is slow: mass of each particle is large and their vibrational
velocities are relatively low, therefore are slow to pass on their
vibrational energies.
Substance that purely rely on this method of conduction are likely to
be poor conductors: plastic, glass, wood, paper, ceramic and
concrete
How?
Heat transfer by free electrons
Metals and some other substances contain electrons that are not
involved in a particular chemical bond and are free to move
through the solid. These are referred to as delocalised.
These electrons have a very small mass compared to atoms and
even a small energy gain from heating will result in a very large fain
in velocity.
These delocalised electrons transfer heat energy throughout the
whole material very quickly.
Therefore good electrical conductors are also good heat
conductors.
Factors affecting thermal
conduction
The rate at which heat energy is transferred through any object will
depend upon the:
Temperature difference across material [T]
Thickness of material [L]
Surface area [A]
Nature of material (thermal conductivity) [k]
Thus heat transfer (energy per time) through a material is given by

=
A

Convection
Convection is the transfer of heat energy within a fluid (liquid or
gas).
If one part of the fluid is heated the material there will expand and
become less dense. The hotter material, being less dense, will rise
and the colder denser materials will tend to sink.
Even though liquids and gases are not good conductors they can
transfer heat quite rapidly through convection.
This circulation of a material due to convection, is called a
convection current.
Convection
What happens to the smoke once the candle is places underneath
the chimney/exit tube.
Explain by observation and by description of particles
Convection: Sea Breeze vs Land Breeze
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gM0d3fGew-0
Radiation
Common Knowledge that the earth is heated by the sun through
the suns radiation.
Heat energy usually transferred by action of particles.






Radiation represents a case where heat is transferred without the
movement of particles
Particles?
Radiation
Radiation represents a case where heat is transferred without the
movement of particles
Radiation is another expression for electromagnetic waves (which
include visible, ultraviolet and infrared light)
Electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of light (c) and can be
focused, refracted and reflected
Radiation follows other wave-like phenomenon as when in contact
with an object radiation is partly reflected, partly transmitted and
partly absorbed.
The absorbed part transfers heat energy to the absorbing object
causing it to rise in temp.
Radiation is emitted from all objects who temp is above absolute
zero (-273
0

) Thermograph / heat signature
Radiation: Emission and Absorption
All objects emit some radiation, but all do not emit or absorb at
same rates. Eg. Matt black surfaces emit radiant energy at a greater
rate than shiny, light coloured surfaces.
Black matt surface heat up faster than shiny light surfaces. Black
matt surfaces also cool down faster. Eg. Car radiator painted black
to increase emission of energy collected from car engine by
conduction and convection.
Other factors that affect rate of both emission and absorption of
radiation:
Surface area
Temperature
Wavelength of incident radiation
Surface colour and texture (emissivity e, varies in between 0 and 1)
1:better emission and absorption (black rough) 0: poor emission and
absorption (white shiny)
6.8 and Set 11 Review